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2. Backfill — Only good quality backfill, free of stones, roots, rocks, broken <br /> cement or other material that might be damaging to the pipe shall be used. <br /> Backfill must be put in the trench in lifts. <br /> 3. Compaction — All pipe must be compacted by hand tamping to the <br /> centerline, under the pipe. Backfill shall be compacted in lifts up to the <br /> surface to achieve a minimum compaction of 98% of maximum density in <br /> roadways, shoulders, and easements in accordance with AASHTO <br /> Specifications T-180 and ASTM D-2167. <br /> 4. Dewatering — Construction shall be accomplished in a dry trench. Well <br /> pointing may be required, as necessary. All water entering excavations or <br /> other parts of the work shall be contained, collected and pumped to <br /> suitable places for disposal as permitted by the Local, State or Water <br /> Management District. <br /> 5. Sheeting — Sheeting and shoring shall be installed as may be necessary <br /> for the protection of the work, preservation of adjacent property and <br /> structures and the safety of employees. Sheeting and bracing shall be <br /> uniform to OSHA requirements. <br /> 14.05 RESTRAINED JOINTS <br /> A. Restrained joints shall be used on lines per the Table of the IRCDUS Standards <br /> Drawing M-3. Section of piping having restrained joints or those requiring <br /> restrained joints shall be constructed using pipe and fittings with restrained <br /> "Locked-type" joints and the joints shall be capable of holding against withdrawal <br /> for line pressures up to 150 pounds per square inch (psi). The pipe fittings shall <br /> be as shown for restrained push-on joints or restrained mechanical joints on <br /> Page 416 in Section VI, in the Hand book of Cast Iron Pipe, 4th Edition. In all <br /> cases, restrained joints must be used per Section C below, with thrust blocks, per <br /> contract drawings. <br /> B. Restrained pipe joints that achieve restraint by incorporating cutout sections <br /> installed in the bell of the pipe shall have a minimum wall thickness at the point of <br /> cutout that corresponds with the minimum specified wall thickness for the rest of <br /> the pipe. <br /> C. The minimum number of restrained joints required for resisting forces at fittings <br /> and changes in direction of pipe shall be determined from the length of restrained <br /> pipe on each side of fittings and changes in direction necessary to develop <br /> adequate resisting friction with the soil. Drawing and formula below are provided <br /> for the Contractor as a guideline. <br /> Where: <br /> L = 1.5PA(1-COS X) <br /> Fw <br /> 14 - 7 <br /> � X3.0. $• <br />