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Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 18 found that problems with certain ions in reclaimed socio-economic status and lawn greenness was water can result even in the humid eastern U. S., statistically significant,the correlation was weak. especially with newly established sod.Turfgrass, Law et al.(2004)surveyed homeowner lawn however,was able to remove the N from reclaimed fertilization practices in two watersheds in Baltimore water precluding groundwater impairment even under County,Maryland.Fertilizer amount in the Glyndon a wide variety of irrigation practices. watershed averaged 1101b/acre/year N,but the standard deviation was 100 lb/acre N,meaning that Application of reclaimed irrigation water to the application rates were extremely variable in the impervious surfaces such as driveways,sidewalks,or watershed.The rate varied from 2 to 41b/1000 square roads will result in losses of nutrients to the storm feet per year.Rates used were more related to the soil water system and in potential pollution.Irrigation type than to socio-economic variables.More fertilizer systems should be designed to ensure on-target was applied to turf on nutritionally poorer soils.These application of all reclaimed water used for irrigation. findings pointed to more"hot-spots"for nutrient Irrigation systems set to automatically irrigate losses and suggested the need for more soil-based with reclaimed water year-round would contribute N, testing to predict fertilizer needs.The authors above P,and other nutrients during the slow-growing or and others(Grove et al.,2006),point to the dormant period of turfgrass and landscape plants importance of comprehensive and detailed when these nutrients are not needed by the plants.For environmental testing and education programs,rather example,in most areas of the state,fertilization of than"one-size-fits-all"approaches.Baker(2007) turfgrass is not recommended in the winter(Sartain, studied literature on the question of whether fertilizer 2007) laws would work and concluded that programs most likely to result in behavioral change include a mix of The specific N and P concentrations in reclaimed components including education,incentives water are not always optimal for turfgrass (subsidies),disincentives,and marketing.Further, requirements.For example,a homeowner may have a programs may need to be spatially and socially soil that tests high in P and therefore does not require targeted. the P from the reclaimed water.In this case,it might not be wise to use reclaimed water if there is a nearby Section 3. Some approaches to water body that would be harmed by increased P controlling nutrient losses in the concentrations.The actual availability to the turfgrass urban environment of the added P in reclaimed water is governed by the soil chemical properties,which may render the P Local Ordinances as an Approach to unavailable to the turfgrass.This may occur if the soil Reduce Fertilizer Losses to the pH is too high or the soil contains high levels of iron Environment and/or aluminum. The research presented above points to potential Issue#6 Does the scientific literature say losses of nutrients from various lands and land use anything about homeowners'willingness to practices.The research points to potential differences adopt best management practices? in nutrient losses among various landscapes and various nutrient management practices,which leads There are only a few reports in the scientific to the question,"How can we best address water literature on the relationship between human quality issues, nutrient sources, and losses to the behavior and urban water quality.However history environment?"State and federal rules and guidelines does indicate that homeowners may be willing to and research-based University recommendations have change practices.For example we are recycling been developed to encourage improved nutrient one-third of municipal waste today,an increase from management practices in the urban environment that 7%in the 1970s(USEPA,2005;2007).Zhou et al. have source reduction as their goals.However,some (2009)studied lifestyle as a predictor of lawn care counties and municipalities have instituted rules more expenditures.While the relationship between stringent than the WAS and FDEP BMPs.In some 1325