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What Contributes to the Gender Pay Gap? Women do not make less money simply because they choose different careers than men or choose to become mothers. Rather, the undervaluing of women's work, implicit bias against working mothers and direct race and gender bias diminish women's salaries. Some employer practices can make disparities even worse. These factors contribute to the pay gap: W'= Occupational segregation: Women and men still tend to concentrate in different jobs and fields. And jobs traditionally associated with men generally pay better than traditionally female - dominated jobs. These jobs do not pay less because they require fewer skills; they pay less because women do them. Further evidence that women's work is undervalued: when an influx of women enters a previously male -dominated profession, wages for the occupation as a whole decrease. Motherhood penalty: Mothers who work full-time are typically paid 69% as much as fathers. Mothers receive lower salaries than fathers and other women—even if the mother never left the workforce. Many working mothers experience bias in pay because of gendered norms and expectations about their roles. And many workplaces are still built on a model that assumes a worker is not a primary caretaker. Lack of paid family, medical and sick leave contribute to the problem. Gender and race discrimination bias: Direct discrimination and bias ------- - u against women remain culprits in the pay gap. And the intersectional Transparency impact of race and gender biases contributes to the larger overall pay about salary can gap for women of color. help narrow the Lack of pay transparency: Certain workplace practices can exacerbate pay gap' The gap is smaller pay disparities, including the failure to be transparent with salary for workers in information, retaliation for wage disclosure, and the use of prior salary 78'4 history in setting pay. The pay gap is smaller for workers in sectors sectors where pay where pay transparency is mandated: For example, federal government transparency is workers experience a 13% pay gap between men and women; in the mandated. private, for-profit sector, that number jumps to 29%. ---- WOMEN'S EARNINGS AS A PERCENTAGE OF MEN'S EARNINGS BY WORKER CLASS, 2018 GENDER PARITY Federal Government 870 Workers State Government 82.4� Workers Local Government 78'4 Workers i Private For -Profit Wage and Salary Workers 71.1 � , Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2019 1-13