The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About07/18/2013AP A—L Special Meeting/Public Hearing-07.18.13 v Office of INDIAN RIVER COUNTY ATTORNEY Alan S.Polackwich,Sr.,County Attorney William K.DeBraal,Deputy County Attorney MEMORANDUM TO: Board of County Commissioners FROM: Alan S. Polackwich, Sr., County Attorn6F2-::1` DATE: July 8, 2013 SUBJECT: Proposed Fertilizer and Landscape Management Ordinance Public Hearing/Consideration of Final Adoption BACKGROUND. (W At its July 2, 2013 meeting, following significant input from the public, the Board of County Commissioners directed the County Attorney's Office to move forward with the process of adopting the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Model Ordinance for Florida-Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes (the "Model Fertilizer Ordinance'). The Board made clear that the final ordinance should include an education component, as well as a means of effective enforcement. The County Attorney's Office has prepared the attached proposed ordinance in accordance with the Board's directions. The proposed ordinance differs from the Model Fertilizer Ordinance in two respects: (1) minor changes have been made for clarity or to better fit circumstances in Indian River County, and (2) education and enforcement components have been added. Specifically, with respect to education, §316.11 of the ordinance requires the County Administrator to implement a program to inform the general public of the requirements of the ordinance, through website postings, brochures/print materials, speaking engagements, etc, and to coordinate the program with similar educational activities of the University of Florida IFAS program. Indian River Co. Approved Date Approved for B.C.C.Special Meeting/Public Hearing Admin. 7-1 " July 18,2013 Co.A .t0-(3 f - Budget S% Department --- OCO_�UNTYATTORNEY Risk Management F:4zwrrn yVdd.1GENERAL0 CCWg,.d.M-1F.nW.,03.d- Board of County Commissioners Page Two C' July 8, 2013 With respect to enforcement, §316.13 of the ordinance provides for enforcement by either the Code Enforcement Officer, acting through the Code Enforcement Board, or the Environmental Control Officer, acting through the Environmental Control Hearing Board. Under §100.05 of the Code and Chapter 162, Florida Statutes, the Code Enforcement Board has authority to order the cessation of violations, and to impose fines up to $500 per day of violation; and, under Chapter 85-427, Special Acts, Laws of Florida, the Environmental Control Hearing Board has the same authority. Both enforcement procedures — the Code Enforcement procedure under §103.07 of the Code, and the Environmental Control enforcement procedure under §13 of Chapter 85-427 — call for a preliminary notice of violation and an opportunity to correct,before enforcement proceedings are filed.' The new provisions relating to education and enforcement are highlighted in the attached copy of the proposed ordinance. It should be noted that while §403.9337, Florida Statutes, requires the County to meet certain criteria before it can adopt an ordinance more stringent than the Model Fertilizer Ordinance, the changes outlined above are not viewed by the County Attorney's Office as constituting a more stringent ordinance. Importantly, neither change imposes greater requirements upon County residents than those set forth in the Model Fertilizer Ordinance. Also, "guidance" sections in the model ordinance make clear that the ordinance may be revised to meet local conditions. Thus, the County Attorney's Office is confident that adoption of the proposed ordinance does not require the County to meet the statutory criteria for adoption (W of a more stringent ordinance. FUNDING. Funding is not currently included in the proposed fiscal year 2013/14 budget for activities relating to education or enforcement of a fertilizer ordinance. Administrative staff recommends that the Stormwater Division perform such education and enforcement activity. Additional staffing will be needed in order to provide effective education and enforcement, and the proposed 2013/14 budget will need to be adjusted accordingly. The estimated cost of an additional position is approximately $60,000. RECOMMENDATION. The County Attorney's Office recommends that the Chairman open the public hearing, take public input, and close the public hearing, and that the Board of County Commissioners then consider final adoption of the attached proposed fertilizer ordinance. ATTACHMENT(S). Proposed Fertilizer and Landscape and Management Ordinance Section 403.9337, Florida Statutes ASP:LAC ' Although both procedures allow for action without a preliminary notice of violation in the event of an emergency which poses a threat to public health,safety or welfare. FA40 *didaC%ENERALIB C CWgendaM—kFerf&=r 03-dm nµ/r ORDINANCE NO.2013 - AN ORDINANCE OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY, FLORIDA, AMENDING THE CODE OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY TO ESTABLISH A NEW CHAPTER 316, ENTITLED "FERTILIZER AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT;" ADOPTING THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION'S MODEL ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA-FRIENDLY USE OF FERTILIZER ON URBAN LANDSCAPES, WITH MINOR MODIFICATIONS; MAKING FINDINGS AND PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY, CODIFICATION AND AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, as a result of impairment to Indian River County's surface waters caused by excessive nutrients, or, as a result of increasing levels of nitrogen in the surface and/or ground water within the aquifers or canals within the boundaries of Indian River County, the Board of County Commissioners has determined that the use of fertilizers on lands within Indian River County creates a risk of contributing to adverse effects on surface and/or ground water. Accordingly, the Board rinds that management measures contained in the most recent edition of the "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries, 2008, " may be required by this ordinance; and WHEREAS, this ordinance regulates the proper use of fertilizers by any applicator; requires proper training of Commercial Fertilizer Applicators and Institutional Fertilizer Applicators; establishes training and licensing requirements; establishes a Prohibited Application Period; specifies allowable fertilizer application rates and methods, fertilizer-free zones, low maintenance zones, and exemptions. The ordinance requires the use of Best Management Practices which provide specific management guidelines to minimize negative secondary and cumulative environmental effects associated with the misuse of fertilizers. These secondary and cumulative effects have been observed in and on Indian River County's natural and constructed stormwater conveyances, rivers, creeks, canals, lakes, estuaries and other water bodies. Collectively, these water bodies are an asset critical to the environmental, recreational, cultural and economic well-being of Indian River County residents and the health of the public. Overgrowth of algae and vegetation hinder the effectiveness of flood attenuation provided by natural and constructed stormwater conveyances. Regulation of nutrients, including both phosphorus and nitrogen contained in fertilizer, will help improve and maintain water and habitat quality, NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY,FLORIDA,THAT: Section 1. Enactment Authority. Article VIII, §1 of the Florida Constitution and Chapter 125, Florida Statutes vest broad home rule powers in counties to enact ordinances, not inconsistent with general or special law, for the purpose of promoting the public health, safety and welfare of the residents of the county. The Board specifically determines that the enactment of this ordinance is consistent with general or special law, and is necessary and appropriate to promote the health, safety and welfare of the residents of Indian River County. 1 ORDINANCE NO. 2013 - Section 2. Findings. The Board finds that the above "Whereas" clauses are true and correct, and hereby incorporates such clauses as findings of the Board. Section 3. Adoption of Chapter 316 of the Code of Indian River County (the "Code"). Chapter 316 of the Code is hereby adopted, as follows (new language is indicated by underline Section 316.1. Title. This chapter shall be known as the "Indian River County Fertilizer and Landscape Management Ordinance." Section 316.2. Definitions. For the purposes of this chapter,the following terms shall have the following meanings: "Administrator" shall mean the County Administrator, or an administrative official of the County designated by the County Administrator to administer and enforce the provisions of this chapter. "Application" or "apply" shall mean the actual physical deposit of fertilizer to turf or landscape 1p ants• "Applicator" shall mean any Person who applies fertilizer on turf and/or landscape plants in Indian River County. "Board" shall mean the Indian River County Board of County Commissioners. "Best Management Practices" shall mean turf and landscape practices or combination of practices based on research, field-testing, and ert review, determined to be the most effective and practicable on-location means, including economic and technological considerations, for improving water quality, conserving water supplies and protecting natural resources. - III - ,: NEW _tEnrn .. WM "Code Enforcement O,ff cer shall mean any designated employee or agent of Indian River County whose duty it is to enforce codes and ordinances enacted by Indian River County. "Commercial Fertilizer Applicator," except as provided in §482.1562(9), Florida Statutes, shall mean any person who applies fertilizer for payment or other consideration to property not owned by the person or firm applying the fertilizer or the employer of the applicator. 2 ORDINANCE NO.2013 - ;Code,".shall,mean The'Code-of Iifiaf Qin 3 K . 7� xais"��*-�`''+'�,� sty �k'�' '.+� sY Yljl'QtZfYleYllas:control O rcer..:shalleo�an = iyuonmeintal.Control Q t atnteti.'b "the Board uirsuan `. c� Ga 3`0 ' Fail of. is Iii s'or,her'designees: "Fertilize," "fertilizing," or "fertilization" shall mean the act of applying fertilizer to turf, specialized turf, or landscape plants. "Fertilizer" shall mean any substance or mixture of substances that contains one or more reco mg zed plant nutrients and promotes plant growth, or controls soil acidity or alkalinity, or provides other soil enrichment, or provides other corrective measures to the soil. "Institutional Fertilizer Applicator" shall mean any person, other than a private, non-commercial applicator or a Commercial Fertilizer Applicator (unless such definitions also apply under the circumstances), that applies fertilizer for the purr ose of maintaining turf and/or landscape plants. Institutional Fertilizer Applicators shall include, but shall not be limited to, owners, managers or employees of public lands, schools, parks, religious institutions, utilities, industrial or business sites and any residential properties maintained in condominium and/or common ownership "Landscape plant" shall mean any native or exotic tree, shrub, or aroundcover(excluding turf). LW "Low maintenance zone" shall mean an area a minimum of ten feet wide adjacent to water courses which is planted and managed in order to minimize the need for fertilization, watering, mowing, etc. "Person" shall mean any natural person, business, corporation, limited liability companL partnership, limited partnership, association, club, organization, and/or any group of people acting as an organized entity. "Prohibited Application Period" shall mean the time period during which a Flood Watch or Warning, or a Tropical Storm Watch or Warning, or a Hurricane Watch or Warning is in effect for any portion of Indian River County, issued by the National Weather Service, or if heave rain is likely. "Saturated soil" shall mean a soil in which the voids are filled with water. Saturation does not require flow. For the purposes of this chapter, soils shall be considered saturated if standing water is present or the pressure of a person standing on the soil causes the release of free water. "Turf" "sod," or "lawn" shall mean a piece of grass-covered soil held together by the roots of the grass. "Urban landscape" shall mean pervious areas on residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, highway is-of-way, or other nonagricultural lands that are planted with turf or horticultural plants. For the purposes of this section, agriculture has the same meaningas s in §570.02, Florida Statutes. 3 7 ORDINANCE NO. 2013 - Section 316.3. Timing of fertilizer application. No applicator shall apply fertilizers containing nitrogen and/or phosphorus to turf and/or landscape plants during the Prohibited Application Period or to saturated soils Section 316.4. Fertilizer free zones. Fertilizer shall not be applied within ten feet of any pond stream watercourse lake canal or wetland as defined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Chapter 62-340 Florida Administrative Code) or from the top of a seawall unless a deflector shield drop spreader, or liquid applicator with a visible and sharply defined edge is used in which case a minimum of three feet shall be maintained. If more stringent Indian River CoMpty Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringe_nt regplations. Newly planted turf and/or landscape plants may be fertilized in this zone only for a 60 dav_periQ.d begjp-Wp&_tbi days.after planting if needed to allow the plants to become well established. Caution shall be used to prevent nutrients from being directly deposited into the water. Section 316.5. Low maintenance zones. A voluntary ten foot low maintenance zone is strongly recommended but not mandated from any pond, stream, water course, lake, wetland or from the top of a seawall. A swale/berm system is recommended for installation at the landward edge of this low maintenance zone to capture and filter runoff. If more stringent Indian River County Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringent regulations.Notwithstanding the voluntary nature of the above sentences, no mowed or cut vegetative material may be deposited or left remaining in this zone or deposited in the water. Care should be taken to prevent the over- sprayof aquatic weed products in this zone. Section 316.6. Fertilizer content and application rates. (a) Fertilizers applied to an urban lawn or turf within Indian River County shall be applied in accordance with requirements and directions set forth on the label or tag for packaged fertilizer products, or in the printed information accompanying the delivery of bulk fertilizer products, as provided by Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code, Labeling Requirements For Urban Turf Fertilizers. All packaged and bulk fertilizer products sold in Indian River County shall be sold in packages with labels or tags, or, if sold in bulk, be accompanied by printed information, which complies with the requirements of Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code. Without limitation,this section shall prohibit: (i) Application of starter fertilizer to an urban lawn or turf at an application rate in excess of one pound of available phosphate per 1000 square feet of application area. For the purposes of this subsection, the term "starter fertilizer" shall mean fertilizer formulated for a one-time application at planting or near that time to encourage root growth and enhance the initial establishment of the lawn or turf: 4 8 ORDINANCE NO.2013 - ;Code,".shall,mean The'Code-of Iifiaf Qin 3 K . 7� xais"��*-�`''+'�,� sty �k'�' '.+� sY Yljl'QtZfYleYllas:control O rcer..:shalleo�an = iyuonmeintal.Control Q t atnteti.'b "the Board uirsuan `. c� Ga 3`0 ' Fail of. is Iii s'or,her'designees: "Fertilize," "fertilizing," or "fertilization" shall mean the act of applying fertilizer to turf, specialized turf, or landscape plants. "Fertilizer" shall mean any substance or mixture of substances that contains one or more reco mg zed plant nutrients and promotes plant growth, or controls soil acidity or alkalinity, or provides other soil enrichment, or provides other corrective measures to the soil. "Institutional Fertilizer Applicator" shall mean any person, other than a private, non-commercial applicator or a Commercial Fertilizer Applicator (unless such definitions also apply under the circumstances), that applies fertilizer for the purr ose of maintaining turf and/or landscape plants. Institutional Fertilizer Applicators shall include, but shall not be limited to, owners, managers or employees of public lands, schools, parks, religious institutions, utilities, industrial or business sites and any residential properties maintained in condominium and/or common ownership "Landscape plant" shall mean any native or exotic tree, shrub, or aroundcover(excluding turf). LW "Low maintenance zone" shall mean an area a minimum of ten feet wide adjacent to water courses which is planted and managed in order to minimize the need for fertilization, watering, mowing, etc. "Person" shall mean any natural person, business, corporation, limited liability companL partnership, limited partnership, association, club, organization, and/or any group of people acting as an organized entity. "Prohibited Application Period" shall mean the time period during which a Flood Watch or Warning, or a Tropical Storm Watch or Warning, or a Hurricane Watch or Warning is in effect for any portion of Indian River County, issued by the National Weather Service, or if heave rain is likely. "Saturated soil" shall mean a soil in which the voids are filled with water. Saturation does not require flow. For the purposes of this chapter, soils shall be considered saturated if standing water is present or the pressure of a person standing on the soil causes the release of free water. "Turf" "sod," or "lawn" shall mean a piece of grass-covered soil held together by the roots of the grass. "Urban landscape" shall mean pervious areas on residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, highway is-of-way, or other nonagricultural lands that are planted with turf or horticultural plants. For the purposes of this section, agriculture has the same meaningas s in §570.02, Florida Statutes. 3 7 ORDINANCE NO. 2013 - (ii) Application of fertilizer to an established urban lawn or turf which does not meet one of the following criteria: (a) no phosphate fertilizer, or (b) low phosphate fertilizer applied at a rate which does not exceed either .25 pounds of available phosphate per 1000 square feet of application area at any one time, or .5 pounds of available phosphate per 1000 square feet of application area per year; and (iii) Application of nitrogen to an established urban lawn or turf at any one time at an application rate greater than .7 pounds of readily available nitrogen per 1000 square feet of application area, or greater than one pound of total nitrogen per 1000 square feet of application area; provided, however, that higher rates may be allowed if an annual tissue sample representative of the lawn or turf shows the need for a higher application rate. (b) Fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall not be applied before seeding or sodding a site, and shall not be applied for the first 30 days after seeding or sodding, except when hydro- seeding for temporary or permanent erosion control in an emergency situation (wildfire, etc.), 0 in accordance with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for that site. (c) Nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizer shall not be applied to turf or landscape plants except as provided in (a) above for turf, or in University of Florida IFAS recommendations for landscape plants, vegetable gardens, and fruit trees and shrubs, unless a soil or tissue deficiency has been verified by an approved test. (W Section 316.7. Application practices. (a) Spreader deflector shields are required when fertilizing via rotary (broadcast) spreaders. Deflectors must be positioned such that fertilizer granules are deflected away from all impervious surfaces,fertilizer-free zones and water bodies, including wetlands. (b) Fertilizer shall not be applied, spilled, or otherwise deposited on any impervious surfaces. (c) Any fertilizer applied, spilled, or deposited, either intentionally or accidentally, on any impervious surface shall be immediately and completely removed to the greatest extent practicable. (d) Fertilizer released on an impervious surface must be immediately contained and either legally applied to turf or any other legal site, or returned to the original or other app o ate container. (e,) In no case shall fertilizer be washed, swept, or blown off impervious surfaces into stormwater drains, ditches, conveyances, or water bodies. Section 316.8. Management of grass clippings and vegetative materials. In no case shallrag ss clippings,vegetative material, and/or vegetative debris be washed, swept, (w or blown off into stormwater drains, ditches, conveyances,water bodies,wetlands, or sidewalks 5 p 1 ORDINANCE NO. 2013 - (aw University of Florida IFAS "Florida-friendly Landscapes" program, or an approved equivalent program, prior to obtaining an Indian River County Local Business Tax Certificate for any catego or�pation which may apply any fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants. Commercial Fertilizer Applicators shall provide proof of completion of the program to the Indian River County Tax Collector's office within 180 days of the effective date of this ordinance. (b) After December 31, 2013, all Commercial Fertilizer Applicators within Indian River County shall have and carry in their possession at all times when applying fertilizer, evidence of certification by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services as a Commercial Fertilizer Applicator per Rule 5E-14.117(18), Florida Administrative Code. (c) All businesses applying fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants (including but not limited to residential lawns, golf courses, commercial properties, and multi-family and condominium properties) must ensure that at least one employee has a "Florida-friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries" training certificate prior to the business owner obtaining a Local Business Tax Certificate. Owners for any category of ocgoation which may apply any fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants shall provide proof of completion of the program to the Indian River County Tax Collector's Office. Section 316.13. Enforcement. (W f4. ;Y ( E' Funds generated by penalties imposed under this section shall be used by Indian River County for the administration and enforcement of §403.9337, Florida Statutes, and the corresponding sections of this chapter, and to further water conservation and nonpoint pollution prevention activities. Section 316.14. References to state law. Any references in this chapter to Florida statutes, rules or regulations shall refer to such statutes, rules or regulations, as amended from time to time. Section 316.15. Applicability. This chapter shall be applicable to and shall regulate any and all applicators of fertilizer and areas of application of fertilizer within the area of Indian River County, unless such applicator is specifically exempted; provided, however, that this chapter shall not apply within the limits of M municipality which has adopted an ordinance re ugulating the same subject matter. This chapter shall be prospective only, and shall not impair any existing contracts. (W 7 � 1 ORDINANCE NO. 2013 - (taw Section 4. Severability. If any part of this ordinance is held to be invalid or unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this ordinance shall not be affected by such holding and shall remain in full force and effect. Section 5. Codification. It is the intention of the Board of County Commissioners that the provisions of this ordinance shall become and be made part of the Indian River County Code, and that the sections of this ordinance may be renumbered or re-lettered and the word ordinance may be changed to section, article or such other appropriate word or phrase in order to accomplish such intention. Section 6. Effective Date. This ordinance shall become effective upon filing with the Florida Department of State. This ordinance was advertised in the Vero Beach Press Journal, on the 8th day of July, 2013, for a public hearing to be held on the 18th day of July, 2013, at which time it was moved for adoption by Commissioner , seconded by Commissioner , and (W adopted by the following vote: Chairman Joseph E. Flescher Vice Chairman Wesley S. Davis Commissioner Peter D. O'Bryan Commissioner Bob Solari Commissioner Tim Zorc The Chairman thereupon declared the ordinance duly passed and adopted this day of July, 2013. BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS INDIAN RIVER COUNTY,FLORIDA By: Joseph E.Flescher, Chairman ATTEST: Jeffrey R. Smith, Clerk of Court Approved as to form and legal sufficiency: and Comptroller By. f Deputy Clerk Coun Attorne firW EFFECTIVE DATE: This ordinance was filed with the Florida Department of State on the day of - 2013. 8 ��. Select Year: 2012 Go The 2012 Florida Statutes Title XXIX Chapter 403 View Entire Chapter PUBLIC HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 403.9337 Model Ordinance for Florida-Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes.— (1) All county and municipal governments are encouraged to adopt and enforce the Model Ordinance for Florida-Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes or an equivalent requirement as a mechanism for protecting local surface and groundwater quality. (2) Each county and municipal government located within the watershed of a water body or water segment that is listed as impaired by nutrients pursuant to s. 403.067, shall, at a minimum, adopt the department's Model Ordinance for Florida-Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes, A Local government may adopt additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance if the following criteria are met: (a) The local government has demonstrated, as part of a comprehensive program to address nonpoint sources of nutrient pollution which is science-based, and economically and technically feasible, that additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance are necessary in order to adequately address urban fertilizer contributions to nonpoint source nutrient loading to a water body. (b) The local government documents that it has considered all relevant scientific information, including input from the department, the institute, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, if provided, on the need for additional or more stringent provisions to address fertilizer use as a contributor to water quality degradation. All documentation must become part of the public record before adoption of the additional or more stringent criteria. (3) Any county or municipal government that adopted its own fertilizer use ordinance before January 1, 2009, is exempt from this section. Ordinances adopted or amended on or after January 1, 2009, must substantively conform to the most recent version of the model fertilizer ordinance and are subject to subsections (1) and (2), as applicable. (4) This section does not apply to the use of fertilizer on farm operations as defined in s. 823.14 or on lands classified as agricultural lands pursuant to s. 193.461. History.—s.4,ch. 2009-199;s. 16,ch.2012-83. Copyright © 1995-2013 The Florida Legislature • Privacy Statement • Contact Us 13 -7/16)2013 FERTILIZER ORDINANCE RESULTS POPULOUS PARTICIPATION HOW: • SIMPLICITY OF ORDINANCE • EDUCATION • ENFORCEMENT Monthly Average Precipitation Rates Vero Beach(30 years) a 7 s January Febrwry tdmefth A rj, May lune' juts Augm! S*p—M- WOW Mmembsr gersmbar 13.2 7- i8- 13 PrPpgsesl. S.uggestaetl..Mpoltlsatioa�.s :R.tg(t,Giti(Oddi£a Sumsted.ModtAcatlalim Application TI.ring-316.3 OefmY sova—waather fl to xOt.'.tad salts Add-Wlct'ad appli-tk..period from (prohibited npplIcation ar whoa heavy rain is likely Juno 1me t0 Septomber 30th(whoa heavy rain >.1104) is likes FoMili2er Flea Za.os: 'fA feet tram water body roducm�tn 37r Ma1n1uin10 toot rextrlcdea Seciian:316.6 witli deIIactor xWeld,drop.1—der,a' from ail waterhodiex-aur ligaid applk.k—with a A.U.J.edge axcrptianx Fartflixcr Content& Pbaa:pb..-- Applleation Nate. 116/1000 sq.ft.for starve larti)izar Ca.tduringPrahibited N. rlaw phoxphateforaxtabltxheO No phosphorus without*oil test period}; lawns(.25lbs/1000 sq h/applic-ion Section 316.6 or.5lb./1000."ft/year) Allows low phosphate toruli:sr Nitrogen: .7lb.of readily available NI1000 5q ft or 1 Ib N/1000 xq ft At least 00%slow role...N Goes sot require any*low requ(rotl ttaleese nifrogen C.pic.part of adnptad state rule 5E-1.003 Dec.not copy tram the rule which ix eurreutiy being seised sad refere.cies eptly uad—going the rade UP/tFAS reemumandatlnnx making praca.s ............._....._......_.............................,_,....._....,..„_.__......_._,...,......__.------__, __ . ti-aaptio.x: ._..........._....._..,,,,,,. $..(1on 316.4 Nona We fan.ops add vagambhe ii-densand tress Pastairex u.ad for livestock grow.tue edible h-.lt ll—fide.scientific raxearrh add athletic field language odd golf,..eros Language Total leached • 6/8/09-10/6/09 TOTAL URE 478 3375,67a W4b 155.96 li BS 408.7bc 143.21b 551.91 C CHK 20,5qC 180.34 )3.3 �- I8�13 WHY NOT ADOPT A FERTILIZER ORDINANCE THAT: �. ENABLES BETTER ENFORCEMENT 2. IS EASILY UNDERSTOOD BY THE PUBLIC 3. ENABLES THE USE OF A PROFESSIONALLY DEVELOPED PRE-EXISTING EDUCATION PROGRAM 4. CREATES LITTLE TO NO NEGATIVE IMPACT ON LAWNS 5. HAS MODERATE TO NO IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF LAWN CARE PROFESSIONALS 6. HAS A BETTER CHANCE TO REDUCE NUTRIENT (N/P) IMPACT INTO THE LAGOON C"uty:motnllFtk4worCaa.kar#7#axzua41. Ii1GKtNbf enfup SC2YDtl.0twai..b... (4,—.b.tsated YtAtl'H'') 5nruxara Caun3p �:}4r✓bead: L:��-N�trrssrea Sc Pstn�y flGrf53�3rz dex3'.a7e Var9:s SasuS?'xa3anc ;ar�kao:Xfy.` Ta�yna 5��+�x itam:ars«tun6 tee tonmYp osyalSaax�t 'dlnpRtee Gauary tYayrz'Wuxkpe-: &UdCf.'as F.Mt M1tyma tank h'n�'.A> fx.?ta 5�!Knys Id�edrmax ikms5 C:>paJCngs L'onit Cfyq{.An13a Nr✓;r, M$ne513rv.'h YtM:i4et...y txgbcazt.'iy &RrcizT Ik�'ai:�slkva„A C}unaNe Caeary beFa§:ef'e�s NurSs fixAn F�ifn53 CYea,ar+tt+ Mart9u CunuLy &..r din SewaKY Yam�p-v:+a.J GuiJiJ.:z Ya,:ftt^AxA Rrmuh rxy ojd*es(1n Ca2Ner Gw+rb? Xa1nL�*A5 C;e pay al�a�{e$'K f1n:Brevmdt"mety3 :gn ifav4vz�:4 �A"olT�l4uwabm^ro�n Ca.mpg NaKh<trti ;rvn&rw3 lY.r'smsur rnsn afdbr#x'tMtl�ldlx ClmalYAb^°^'+^t i'vtiias TcA: {),yyy Caumpr.�.�..�.�na.< BMix�zax Reaafl 'Yacgbax>uY hfr,4vwa 5naa^�arw'69axia5a< ��RfifriMlRYa�.e➢Glfsilirr�kA&ffi $�d�CG311E[ I�XAE[aVSflaAs Mb ft4 County X.el Coaey Ckp.f Gy.tel it_ iityotwaYllaxXnes 13- 4 -7- 16, 13 Karenia breuis Roberts Bay Venice (72 measurements) Effective Oates of Sarasota&Venice $��"400`00 Urban Fertilizes•Ordinance i t . 600=000.00 _.._.._'._._.._......_._. _,._,._. ..._..._....__.. _.._._:..___.._..__,._,.___.._?_._......__.._._._.._.' _ ............ 400,000.00 _..___.�_ ._..... �_.. ............._ __. „_............. 3 � 200,000,00f.." , ._.. ,... . , 3 1 0,00- 11112006 11112007 11112008 111/2009 11112010 11112011 Sample Late .— Karessi�br�vaa The link between urban fertilizers and red tide(Karenia brevis)have not been confirmed. However,red tide has not been measured in Roberts Bay(Venice)since adoption of urban fertilizer ordinances. 13. 6 State Model Fertilizer Ordinance Compared to Suggested Modifications Draft Ordinance Suggested Modifications Application Timing-316.3 severe weather&saturated soils Add restricted application period (Prohibited Application from June 1st to September 30th Period): Fertilizer Free Zones: 10 feet from water body reduces to 3 ft Maintain 10 foot restriction Section: 316.4 with deflector shield, drop spreader,.or from all waterbodies -no liquid applicator with a visible edge -exceptions Fertilizer Content& Phosphorus: No phosphorus without soil test Application Rates 11b/1000 sq.ft. for starter fertilizer (not during Prohibited No or-low phosphate for established period): lawns (.25lbs/1000 sq ft/application Section 316.6 or.51bs/1000sq ft/year Nitrogen: At least 50%slow release N .7 lbs of readily available N/1000 Sq ft or required 1 lb N/1000 sq ft not to exceed 4 lbs N per year Exemptions: Section 316.9 bona fide farm ops add vegetable gardens Pastures used for livestock add golf courses language Bona fide scientific research add athletic field language C� Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 2 Reasons for this publication impact on the land is increasing.For example,in the United States,during the decade of 1982-1992, This publication was developed to serve the need there were 1.4 million acres converted to urban for educational information on the urban landscape development,and there were 2.2 million acres nutrient and water management issues,especially converted during the 5-year period of 1992-1997 pertaining to protecting urban and coastal water (USDA,NRCS,2005).It is well documented that quality.Eutrophication of water bodies is a major urbanization changes land cover and hydrology and problem faced by the state,counties,and leads to"unintended consequences"on urban municipalities;their officials are asking for more ecosystems that include altered nutrient flows(Roach information to assist them in making decisions about et al. 2008). legislation for protecting water quality.Educators, county extension agents,representatives of Human influences lead to point and non-point non-governmental organizations,and leaders of the source nutrient pollution of water bodies causing fertilizer,turf,nursery,and landscape maintenance degradation or impairment of the water bodies for industries also are asking WAS for information about their intended uses,such as recreation,fishing, how to best protect the environment.This document drinking water,irrigation,etc.Nitrogen(N)and is a review of the scientific literature addressing the phosphate(P)are often involved in eutrophication major questions being asked about fertilization because these are two limiting nutrients for algal practices for turfgrass. growth in most natural water bodies.Earlier research reports therefore focused on N or P,but Paerl(2009) This document consists of three major sections. pointed out that today N and P must be managed The first section reviews the science about the together to control eutrophication in the eutrophication problem for urban and coastal water freshwater-marine water system. bodies,and the sources of nutrients that lead to water pollution.The second section of the document Cleanup of impaired water bodies is required presents the current state of the scientific knowledge under the total maximum daily load(TMDL) about fertilizer and irrigation management in urban program(US,EPA,2010;FDEP 2009a),which landscapes with emphasis on turfgrass health and places severe economic burdens on local water quality.The final section summarizes some of governments(Baker,2007).In addition to the costs the approaches that are being used in the United to local governments,harmful algal blooms were States to deal with the nutrient problem.There are determined to result in significant revenue losses for regulatory and incentive-based programs that include local businesses on the panhandle of Florida,even BMPs,educational programs,and rules that restrict more than other environmental events such as tropical fertilization.Our goal is to take the reader through the storms and rains(Larkin and Adams,2007).Nutrient process:learning about the pollution issue,the enrichment of Florida waters is a serious and costly sources of pollutants,management of nutrients in the issue and must be addressed in an informed and urban landscape,and the most effective approaches comprehensive process.Before a comprehensive being undertaken to reduce the nutrient loading nutrient management process can be determined, problem. however,we must understand the various sources of nutrients causing the problems in urban water Section 1. Introduction to the Issue bodies. of Urban Nutrient Pollution Urban land-based nutrient sources and Eutrophication or nutrient enrichment of fresh impacts and coastal waters is a serious and growing concern (Diaz and Rosenberg,2008;Heisler et al.,2008). Research has pointed to many sources of Eutrophication is largely the result of human nutrients contributing to increased nutrient loads and activities in managing land,energy,plants,nutrients, eutrophication of surface waters throughout the world and wastes(Selman and Greenhalgh,2009).Human (Alcock,2007;Baker,2007;Gilbert et al.,2005; Heisler et al.,2008).Impairment of urban water 13 .9 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 3 bodies in Florida includes increases in algal growth, role in algal blooms.Further,some algal species can including those algae that produce toxins that can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere,adding another potentially harm aquatic wildlife and humans level of complexity to the nutrient source picture (Anderson,2002;Paerl et al.,2010). The following (Havens,2004).Finally,the impacts of information summarizes the many and varied sources eutrophication differ depending on the algal species of nutrients that should be of concern in any approach (Anderson et al.,2002). addressing the overall urban water quality problem. Distant sources.While nearby land-based Sewage-based nutrients.Water bodies can sources are important,studies have also implicated receive nutrients from several sewage sources long-distance transported nutrients in Florida red including water treatment plant discharges and tides.For example,depositions of Saharan dust, on-site septic systems.Land-based sewage sources containing iron,could relieve iron deficiency of were implicated in algal blooms off the southeast certain aquatic organisms(Walsh and Steidinger, coast of Florida(Lapointe et al.,2005).Paerl et al. 2001). Stumpf et al.,(2008)used thermal and ocean (2010)found that cyanobacteria(one of the bacteria color satellite data to suggest the possible importance associated with red tide)responds to iron,N and P of nutrients from the Mississippi River that travel in a from sewage outfalls,urban wastewater,urban plume to the west Florida shelf,30 to 50 miles from development runoff,and nutrients from groundwater. the coast.The connectivity of the water bodies makes Lapointe et al.(2006),determined that large algal it difficult to clearly distinguish among the many and blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in the varied sources of nutrients at any single locale. Caloosahatchee estuary in 2005 were likely related to sewage effluent as were red tide blooms off Sanibel Industrial emissions(e.g.,smoke)and fossil Island in 2004.There are examples where the fuel combustion(e.g.,automobiles)adds N oxides to removal of sewage-based nutrient sources was related the air,which can be later deposited onto land or to a subsequent reduction in algal blooms(Anderson water bodies during rainfalls.For example,the et al.,2002). Tampa Bay Estuary Program predicted in 1996 that as much as 33%of nutrients in Tampa Bay by 2010 Land-based N and P discharges.Nutrients from would result from atmospheric deposition(Zarbock a mixture of sources can enter the water stream et al., 1996).An updated report(Janicki et al.,2001), moving off of land toward a water body.N discharges using the methods of Zarbock et al.(1996)predicted from Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee River that for 2010 conditions,atmospheric deposition following hurricanes of 2004/2005 were implicated would be 20%and non-point contributions of N to in algal blooms in southwest Florida.Nutrient flux Tampa Bay would be 49%.The total annual N load from bays,harbors,and rivers along the west coast of predicted for 2010 in the latter report was 2950 tons, Florida can provide significant amounts of nutrients down from the predicted value of 3670 tons in the to support high-biomass blooms of red tide,Karenia Zarbock et al.(1996)report.Predicted total brevis(Vargo et al.,2008).Land-based N and P quantities of non-point N losses in both estimates sources vary from location to location,and this were similar.The percent loads due to non-point variability leads to a gradient of P-and N-limited sources increased because material losses and phytoplankton communities(Heil et al.,2007). atmospheric deposition were predicted to be lower in Although the ultimate source of nutrient enrichment the later model.A planning and management may be land-based,there can be considerable cycling, document from the Tampa Bay Estuary Program transport,and mineralization of N and P from concluded that the two largest contributors of phytoplankton,and these cycled quantities can be nutrients to Tampa Bay were atmospheric deposition greater than external loadings(Wang et al., 1999). and storm water runoff(Tampa Bay Estuary These authors suggested that,while nutrient load Program,2006). reductions are needed at the source,time will be required before observing impacts of those reductions Fertilizers.Fertilizer has been a common input because cycling of already imported nutrients plays a for managing healthy urban turfgrass and landscape (3- 10 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 4 plants and gardens.Amounts of fertilizers sold and applied in excess of research-based recommendations used in non-farm areas in Florida(nurseries,golf (Trenhohn et al.,2011). Studies in Florida using courses,athletic fields,roadsides,airfields, isotopes have documented the presence of cemeteries,parks,and retail establishments)have fertilizer-derived nutrients in water bodies(Jones et declined over recent years(FDACS,2009).For al., 1996;Pinellas County DEP,2004;TBEP,2008a; example,N use increased from 2000 to 2004,but it 2008b).While these studies show fertilizer is being declined from 2004 to 2008.In 2005,the non-farm found in urban water bodies,they do not conclude use of N fertilizer was 69,522 tons,but it declined to whether the nutrients were lost predominantly from 36,074 tons in 2008,a 48%reduction in urban landscapes fertilized properly according to BMPs or fertilizer use.The non-farm use of P fertilizer from improperly fertilized landscapes. declined from 14,168 tons in 2005 to 8,034 tons in 2008-- Animal wastes.The U.S.Environmental http://www.flaes.org/complitnonitoring/ Protection Agency(2009)has stated that"Decaying past fertilizer_reports.html.Although the recent pet waste consumes oxygen and sometimes releases negative economy may have influenced this trend ammonia.Low oxygen levels and ammonia can toward the latter part of the period,this overall damage the health of fish and other aquatic life.Pet reduction in fertilizer use is significant in light of waste carries bacteria,viruses,and parasites that can fertilizer limitations imposed by passage of the Urban threaten the health of humans and wildlife.Pet waste Turf Fertilizer Rule in Florida and the potential also contains nutrients that promote weed and algae positive environmental implications from adoption growth(eutrophication)."A 45-pound dog can and training about BMPs. excrete approximately 9 pounds of N and 2 pounds of P per year,while a human produces 13 pounds of N Fertilizers are used in urban landscapes to and 1.5 pounds of P(Baker,2007).Most of the pet N increase the ability of plants to provide aesthetic, would be in urine and the P in the solids so that recreational,and functional benefits for residential "pooper scooper"ordinances can be effective in P homes,businesses,and common areas.Research has control but less so for N(Wood et al.,2004). been conducted in most states to determine the most Groffman and colleagues(2004)suggested that appropriate amounts,sources,and time-of-application approximately 15 lb/acre/year of N could be added to of fertilizers for many landscape plants,especially the Glyndon(Baltimore,Maryland)watershed from turf.For example,fertilizer BMPs for Florida can be pet waste. found at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu,and the UF/IFAS Florida-Friendly Landscaping Program Plant litter and debris.In urban communities, (http://fyn.ifas.ufl.edu/). Selected examples of nutrients can come from the native and introduced Florida Extension publications dealing with turf and landscape plants,such as tree leaf fall and grass landscape plants include Sartain(2007)and Knox et clippings(Cowen et al., 1973;Dorney, 1986; al.(2002).Best management practices have been Strynchuk et al.,2004).From a time-series analysis developed in many states including Florida(FDEP, of decomposition of leaf and grass clippings in 2008;FDEP,2009a)to help homeowners minimize Brevard County,Florida,Strymchuck et al. (2004) the chances that nutrients will be lost from the urban determined that quick removal of street organic landscape at times when the root system is not debris is needed to avoid the rapid impacts of actively growing. pollutants from the debris on water quality.Leaf litter in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,was determined to be a Research shows that fertilizer-derived nutrients major source of P and the amount of leachable P per can be lost from the urban landscape under certain whole leaf vaned by tree species,but not by tree circumstances.Losses are most likely when fertilizer diameter(Dorney, 1986).Up to 9%of the total leaf-P is applied just before or during heavy rainfall(Soldat could be leached from leaves in 2 hours.In an early and Petrovic,2008),when fertilizer is applied before paper on leaf-P,Cowen et al. (1973)calculated the turf root system is established(Erickson et al., concentrations of P in oak and poplar leaves in 2010;Trenholm et al.,2011),or when fertilizer is Madison,Wisconsin.Leaves that were in the literal 13-11 Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 5 zone of Lake Mendota had less P than leaves and fertilizer.Another third of the N came in as collected from the ground surface near the shore.In combustion products.20%of the N accumulated in heavily canopied communities,leaves can be greater the watershed and the main avenue for N loss was sources of P than lawns(Baker,2007). atmospheric with only 3%of the N leaving in the surface water.The Arizona study identified several These studies on the subject of nutrients from topics in need of research including dry deposition plant debris point to two conclusions: First,there is processes,soil N dynamics,and denitrification losses. considerable potential nutrient load from plant debris in the urban environment that can add significant Take-home message for nutrient sources amounts of nutrients to the storm water. Second,plant and Impacts debris should be removed from impervious surfaces (street sweeping,blowing)or mulched and put back The brief literature review above clearly into the lawn with mulching mowers as soon as documents the complexity of eutrophication of inland possible because water(rain)can easily and rapidly and coastal water bodies.Land-based nutrient(N and extract nutrients from the leaf debris. P)sources are important in the nutrient loads to the water bodies,and there are many distinct nutrient Urban watersheds.In a Baltimore,Maryland sources.These sources undergo changes and interact study,Grollman et al.(2004)measured increased with the environment in route to a water body.Once nitrate losses from urban and suburban watersheds in the water body nutrients play a role in complex (approx.2 to 7 lb per acre per year of N)compared nutrient cycling that maintains nutrients in forms with a forested watershed(less than 1 lb per acre per suitable for algal growth.Controlling nutrients at the year of N).These researchers also noted high source is a sound approach to reducing nutrient retention(75%)of N inputs in the urban watersheds loading to water bodies,but nutrient sources and fates mostly consisting of fertilizer and atmospheric are complex processes(Alcock,2007).Due to the deposition.In other studies of urban turf and forested myriad of sources and their complex interactions, landscapes in Baltimore,researchers noted that source reduction requires a comprehensive and grasslands exported more N than forests,but the careful approach. urban grasslands(turf)had significant ability to retain N(Groffinan et al.,2009).The authors found that,in Section 2. Relationship of lawn some instances,unfertilized urban turfgrass lands had fertilization to leaching and runoff more leaching losses than fertilized grasslands.The from landscapes authors emphasized that changing from agricultural land to urban grasslands would have N-load benefit In this section we examine several important for reducing N losses to the Chesapeake Bay issues relative to fertilization,leaching,rainfall, watershed.In a study of urbanization impacts on irrigation,soil,and runoff.We present the water quality in small coastal watersheds,Tuffurd et information from national research studies on several al.(2003)found that dissolved organic nitrogen questions: (DON)and P-containing particulates were the dominant sources of these nutrients and there was What role does healthy turfgrass play in the variation in location and season.For instance,in the urban environment?Will unhealthy summer,DON from forested wetland creeks and P turfgrass lead to increased nutrient losses from urban ponds dominated.These authors and when? concluded that broad land-use or land cover classes •How might various urban soil types and should not be used to predict nutrient concentrations qualities impact the effectiveness of in streams of small watersheds.Baker et al. (200 1) landscape fertilizer management? calculated an N balance for the central Arizona-Phoenix ecosystem.They determined that •How might rainfall patterns and amounts humans controlled as much as 88%of the N inputs; affect fertilizer nutrient leaching and runoff half of the total N was imported by humans as food before,during,or after the summer growth period? � 3 . i2 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 6 •What role does irrigation management play management,can be nutrient sinks rather than in the leaching and runoff of nutrients? sources.These authors found high retention of atmospheric N in the soil organic matter pools of •What role does reclaimed water play in urban lawns. nutrient runoff and leaching before,during, and after the summer growth period? Beard and Green(1994)have described the Issue 01.What role does healthy turfgrassfunctional and nonfunctional benefits of properly play In the urban environment?Will maintained lawns and landscapes to be: unhealthy turfgrass lead to increased •excellent soil erosion control and dust nutrient losses and when? stabilization, Published books(Beard and Green, 1994;Beard •improved recharge and quality protection and Kenna,2008;Nett et al.,2008)have summarized of groundwater, the research literature on turfgrass systems and their care with attention to environmental impacts. •enhanced entrapment and biodegradation Turfgrass benefits(Beard and Green, 1994)can be of synthetic and organic compounds, grouped into functional(e.g.,preventing erosion, • preventing weeds),recreational(sports fields),and conversion,soil quality improvement that includes CO2 aesthetic(beauty and value-added homes and properties).Healthy turfgrass systems absorb the •accelerated restoration of disturbed soils, majority of nutrients when applied at recommended rates,thus minimizing leaching and runoff from •substantial heat reduction, landscape surfaces(Brown et al., 1977;Easton and Petrovic,2004;Frank 2008;Hull and Liu,2005; •reduced noise,glare,and visual pollution Shuman,2001).Eighty to 90%of N was assimilated problems, in the transition fall and spring months for Bermuda •decreased noxious weed pests and turfgrass in North Carolina(Wherley et al.,2009). allergy-related pollens, The following description of healthy turfgrass that meets its many roles in the landscape is summarized •safety in vehicle operation on roadsides from these citations above.Healthy turfgrass means and engine longevity on airfields, turfgrass that maintains a complete and dense cover over the soil to reduce erosion and weed growth. •lowered fire hazard via open, Healthy turfgrass has an expansive root system that green-grassed firebreaks, fills the soil and absorbs nutrients and water.Healthy . improved security of sensitive installations turfgrass is reflected in the medium-green color that provided by high-visibility zones. is desired for aesthetic purposes and to add value to the home and community.Healthy turfgrass consists •low-cost surface for outdoor sport and of strong plants that stand up to the wear and tear of leisure activities, athletic use. •enhanced physical health for participants, Scientific data shows that healthy turfgrass has a and a low-cost cushion against personal positive impact on the environment by reducing injuries. leaching and runoff.Petrovic and Easton(2005), reviewed the literature on the relationship of healthy •enhanced beauty and attractiveness; turfgrass and urban water quality.Numerous, •a complementary relationship to the total research studies show that turfgrass has a lower impact on groundwater N levels than other land uses. landscape ecosystem of flowers,shrubs and Raciti et al.(2008)outlined N flows in an urban trees; environment where lawns,under low to moderate j3- ) 3 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 8 Leached N averaged 0.23%of the total N applied P.Turf scientists recommend returning grass over two years for Kentucky bluegrass(Miltner et al., clippings to the lawn so the nutrients can be recycled. 1996).Total recovery of N was 64 and 81%for Fertilizer N was rapidly converted to non-mineral Spring and Fall,pointing to potential gaseous losses forms within 3 weeks of application and the loss of N of N.Research shows that the active growth period is was mostly due to volatilization and denitrification the time when the grasses have the greatest ability to (Starr and DeRoo, 1981).Fertilizer N,accounted for take up nutrients,due to larger,denser,and more by direct measurement,was 76%where clippings actively growing root and shoot systems.Following were returned and 64%where clippings were not recommended fertilization practices helps maintain returned.Clippings management affected N healthy turfgrass with a strong,expansive root system fertilization,turf growth,and quality in a study in to absorb nutrients,especially during periods of active Connecticut by Kopp and Guillard(2002).These growth in the summer.Recommended fertilization scientists found that returning grass clippings did not rates lead to dense turf growth that prevents erosion decrease turf quality,but did result in an increase in N and slows overland transport of water and nutrients uptake and recovery.These research reports show that (Easton and Petrovic,2004).Nitrate leaching was returning clippings to the lawn is an important aspect three times greater from turfgrass that had been killed of good N and P management in the turfgrass than when Kentucky bluegrass turfgmss was living system. (Jiang et al.,2000).The latter authors stressed the importance of living turf roots in stabilizing nitrate-N Fertilizers can be supplied in soluble(fast)or in the turf-soil ecosystem. slow-or controlled-release forms.Controlled-release fertilizers have been shown to be effective for Root biomass of warm-season grasses declines producing healthy turfgrass(Sartain, 1981;2008; in the fall(Figure 2).Bushoven and Hull(2001) Petrovic, 1990)and reducing the potential for showed that the nitrate assimilative capacity of roots nutrient losses(Saha et al.,2007; Snyder et al., 1984) correlates with greater dry matter allocation to root from lawn grasses.Similarly,research also shows mass by the whole plant.This greater nitrate that properly managed soluble N sources can result in assimilative capacity was correlated with increased N low leaching losses.This result was observed by uptake efficiency in one of the two grass species Sartain(2008)and Quiroga-Garza et al.(2001).The studied.Bermudagrass roots were more competitive latter authors found that highly insoluble N sources than the soil microbial population for assimilating reduced N leaching losses but had negative impacts on nutrients(Wherley et al.,2009).Grass(annual turf growth and health.These authors,however, bluegrass and bentgrass)with greater above-ground pointed out that a trade-off between turf color and N biomass also had greater root biomass that,in turn, leaching may be important,i.e.,lighter green turf led to more N uptake(Pare et al.,2006).Bowman et color is associated with reduced N leaching losses, al.(1998)showed that deep-rooted turf resulted in which may be an important consideration in the less nitrate-N leaching losses than a shallow-rooted turfgrass system.They determined that proper N turf.Nitrogen uptake efficiency was greater with fertilization and irrigation practices,even with increased amounts of finer,fibrous roots,while soluble N sources,can avoid risks of N leaching amounts of thick roots had little impact on N uptake losses.These latter two conclusions suggest the rate(Sullivan et al.,2000).Increased rhizome length importance of a rigorous homeowner education had a negative relationship with N uptake efficiency. program about fertilizer sources and application in These studies showed that management practices that the overall management of fertilizer in the urban lead to better root development,especially deeper environment. root expansion and more fibrous roots can be important in controlling fertilizer N leaching. UF/IFAS research showed that leaching was negligible during the summer months from St. Management of turf clippings is important for N Augustinegrass grown with a commercial fertilizer management in the turfgrass system.Turfgrass containing 62%soluble/38%controlled-release N at a clippings are a large repository of assimilated N and 1.0 lb N/1000 sq.ft.rate(Erickson et al.,2001).The ( 3- Is Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 9 current(2011)N recommendations for turf limit a shows that leaching was dependent on fertilizer rates single application to 1.0 lb per 1000 sq ft.of N under and turfgrass type(Trenholm et al.,2011).Leaching the FDACS'Fertilizer Rule(FDACS,2007). was greater from zoysiagmss than from St. Therefore,under a summer fertilizer ban the turfgrass Augustinegrass(Trenholm et al.,2011).Similar manager will be limited to this 1.0 lb application for results for these two species were found in a North the entire 4-month summer growing period.Studies Carolina study by Bowman et al.(2002),and are underway to determine if there are fertilizer leaching was greater just after planting than after the materials that will maintain healthy turf for this establishment phase.In well-established and 4-month period when applied at the recommended maintained St.Augustinegrass turf,inorganic N rate at the beginning of the period. leaching was lower with concentrations of NH4 N Seasonal shoot and root growth of warm-season turfgrasses.(Turgeon 2002) t.4.�►�.+t ate` .�+' •" it.4 } M't�� Winter Spring Summer Fall e 30 s 25 m -t 20 m a 15 a Z 10 0 m °f 5 c m m 0 a May June July Aug Sept Oct Figure 1.Diagrammatic(textbook)presentation of growth of warm-season turfgrass(top drawing)and actual N leaching during season(bottom figure-after Sartain,2010). The UF/IFAS Extension fertilizer and NO3-Nin drainage generally less than that recommendations for turfgrass,summarized by reported for rain water in southern Florida.This Sartain(2007),emphasize applications of experiment was conducted over a three-year period slow-release(controlled-release)N in the summer. encompassing wet and dry season cycles that bracket The use of controlled-release fertilizer in the summer proposed black-out periods when the turf was helps minimize the losses of N because only very fertilized at 1 lb N/1000 sq.ft.bimonthly with a small amounts of N are released from the fertilizer at 620/o/38%soluble/controlled-release commercially any one time(typically based on temperature and available fertilizer(Erickson et al.,2008). moisture).These release schedules are in relationship with the plant growth rate.Recent research in Florida �3-l� Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 10 New research at UF/IFAS(accepted for allowed time for nutrient uptake by the turfgrass, scientific peer-reviewed publication)has shown that reducing the N concentration in the runoff to the leaching from turfgrass is greater in the spring and concentration in the rain water(Erickson et al., fall than in the summer.In a Florida DEP-funded 2001).Bare-soil areas are most prone to soil erosion project,Trenholm et al.(2011)found that more that carries nutrients with the displaced soil. fertilizer is lost from fertilizer applications made during the time of year when the turfgrass is not Buffer strips consisting of healthy turf grass are actively growing and that the lowest leaching levels used to capture,filter,and reduce nutrient runoff were during the period of active growth(summer). (Cole et al., 1997; Steinke et al.,2007).Buffer strips The following are some results from the multi-year as small as 2 feet wide have reduced runoff, study: compared with no buffer strips.Dense turf vegetation reduces runoff by creating"tortuous pathways"that 1.As St.Augustinegrass matured after the first reduce runoff rate thus enhancing infiltration.Water establishment year,NO3-N leaching in the can be filtered of its sediment and nutrient load by summer was minimal,even at very excessive turf shoots and roots.For example,doubling the application rates.No significant correlation with number of turfgrass shoots in a lawn reduced the N rate and NO3-N leaching was found. amount of runoff by 67%(Easton and Petrovic, 2004).Weedy,unhealthy lawns had three times more 2.Zoysiagrass was more prone to leaching at high N runoff than a healthy,dense turf(Easton,2004; N rates.Less N was needed for zoysiagrass Easton,2006). health and quality than for St.Augustinegrass. Research summarized above shows that healthy 3.Greater disease pressure leads to less healthy turf turfgrass plays a major role in absorbing nutrients, and more NO -Nleaching. especially in the periods of active growth.Further, 4.There was greater NO3_Nleaching in spring and research shows that nutrient-deficient turfgrass is less fall. effective than healthy turfgrass at reducing runoff volume and nutrient losses.The research shows that 5.All cultural practices,including fertilization and the mass of a healthy turfgrass root system plays a irrigation,are important to reduce nutrient losses large role in removing nutrients from the soil,and from turfgrass. that a healthy plant is required to produce a healthy root system. 6.Even at high application rates imposed in this study,NO3-Nleaching did not exceed 1.3%of Iron and N are two essential nutrients for plants the applied N in St.Augustinegrass. (Barber, 1984;Epstein and Bloom,2005).Deficiency of either nutrient shows up as yellowing of the 7.Turfgrass quality and health were adequate with turfgrass.Fe is involved in the synthesis of the current UF/IFAS fertilizer recommendations. chlorophyll and N is part of the chlorophyll molecule, Effectiveness of healthy turfgrass in which gives plants their green color(Marschner, preventing soil and nutrient losses by 1995).Iron can be rendered unavailable to turfgrass in high-pH(>7.2)soil at certain times in the year erosion (Carrow et al.,2001;Turgeon,2008).Reduced Erosion in urban landscapes can be a serious availability of Fe occurs in spring when the high-pH problem resulting in loss of topsoil and the associated soils are cool and the root system is not very active in nutrients.Reducing the velocity of runoff water with absorbing Fe,as it is recovering from winter dense,healthy turfgrass will increase infiltration and dormancy(Carrow et al.,2001).Iron yellowing result in groundwater recharge(Blanco-Canqui et al., ("iron chlorosis")also can occur in the summer when 2004;2006;Easton and Petrovic,2004).Healthy turfgrass is growing rapidly(possibly just after a turfgrass captured runoff that contained nutrients and nitrogen application).In this situation not enough displaced soil from a 10%slope.Capturing the runoff iron is available from the soil to meet the rapid 13-1'l Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 11 s l i MT - .----- ---- 6 ----- V 1 v M 4 V c 3at 2 i— 0 ?_ -- May June July August September October Month in growing season Figure 2.Root mass of warm-season turlgrass(bermudagrass)across the growing season in Florida(after Sartain,2002). There was a significant difference between the mean of dry matter for May-July and that for August-October. growth and micronutrient demand.In the summer, deficiencies.Applying iron will not cure yellowing of frequent irrigations with high-pH(aquifer or turfgrass due to an N deficiency,and iron fertilizer is reclaimed)water causes the soil pH to rise,rendering not a substitute for N fertilizer. Fe unavailable.Other conditions leading to Fe deficiencies include saturated soils and compacted Issue#2. How might various urban soil soils(Carrow et al.,2001),which restrict root growth. types and qualities impact the effectiveness Foliar iron will help green-up the yellow areas in the of landscape fertilizer management? lawn caused by iron deficiency(Carrow et al.,2001). Probably no other factor is more important to The greening results from correcting the underlying nutrient management and water quality in urban iron deficiency so that the turfgrass can synthesize environments than the soil in the landscape.There more chlorophyll leading to better greener color may be no definition for a"typical'urban soil (Barker and Pilbeam,2007;Marschner, 1995). (Pouyat et al.,2010)since there are so many soil Yellowing of turfgrass also can result from N types,many types of urban fill-soils,and many ways deficiency.N deficiency is typically more general in to impact soils during construction and landscape scope in the lawn while Fe deficiency is in spots or installation. Soils can have direct effects on patches.N deficiency results in significantly reduced ecosystems,such as soil disturbance,and they can clipping yields while Fe deficiency typically does not have an indirect impact,such as pollution resulting (Carrow et al.,2001).Wording in the Florida Yards from soil management practices.Pouyat et al. (2010) and Neighborhoods Handbook(UF IFAS,2009): showed how these direct and indirect effects can "Apply an iron source instead of a nitrogen fertilizer. contribute to a"mosaic"of soil conditions in their To green the lawn without increasing growth in the study in Baltimore,Maryland.They found that urban summer, use chelated iron or iron sulfate"may lead to soils,even though disturbed,can have a high capacity misinterpretation.While both Fe and N deficiencies to deliver positive effects on the ecosystems relative result in yellowing,they are distinctly different to the native soils they replaced.McKinney(2008) Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 12 also noted a particularly high degree of plant species could predict when P fertilization could resume.The diversity or richness in urban areas.These studies majority of soils in a North Carolina study did not suggest that urban soils offer potential for using the need P fertilizer(Osmond and Hardy,2004). diversity for the development of sustainable management practices for improving the capacity of Urban soil systems can be responsible for the urban landscape to deliver environmental benefits. significant N losses due to denitrification(Grof iman and Crawford,2003).Their studies in an urban Urban soils can be highly disturbed due to the riparian zone in Baltimore,Maryland,showed strong excavation,grading,soil moving,and construction positive relationships between soil moisture and processes,and fill-soils can take many forms organic matter and denitrification.These authors (USDA-NRCS,2005).Urban soils can be highly suggested taking advantage of these soil properties in compacted during the construction period and the storm water treatment in urban environments. water infiltration rate is reduced in these compacted soils(Gregory et al.,2006).These authors found that The potential for nutrient retention can be great construction activity reduced infiltration rates 70 to for urban soils,especially for lawns.This is because 99%and infiltration rates were typically lower than lawns are typically managed with irrigation and design storm infiltration rate(10 inches per hour) fertilizer to encourage plant growth and development used in northern Florida.Understanding these soil (Pouyat et al.,2010).Plant biomass is converted to formation and transformation processes is important soil organic matter,especially in lawns,and this for developing(after construction)and maintaining organic matter retains nutrients and water. landscapes that achieve the desired aesthetic Unfertilized lawns would reduce their productivity properties yet also do not result in degradation of and reduce their nutrient retention capacity.The key nearby water bodies.Paving and compacted soils can will be to balance the amount of nutrient inputs be facilitators of urban runoff and pollution.In a during the summer with the need to maintain meta-analysis of research studies on the relationship nutrient-assimilation capacity and organic matter between impervious surface and stream water quality, building capacity with reductions in nutrient losses to Schueler et al.(2009),found the impervious cover water bodies. model was supported;stream water quality can be In summary,research shows that urban soils can predicted from impervious cover percentage.Relative be highly disturbed yet maintain a high degree of proportion of open urban turf and landscape areas and capacity to benefit the environment.Urban soils are impervious areas should be considered to minimize highly variable in nutrient-supplying and retention runoff impacts on stream water quality capacities.Urban landscape management,especially (USDA-NRCS,2005).However,municipalities for soil disturbance,fertilization,and irrigation,is a considering regulations regarding limits to critical factor determining whether a soil/landscape impervious cover should first conduct a system will be a nutrient sink or a nutrient source and comprehensive evaluation of receiving water bodies the degree to which it will either retain or release and environmental assessments such as sources and nutrients.Research shows the most effective mitigation because limits may lead to increased approach to reducing nutrient losses will not be a environmental problems(Jones et al.,2005). one-size-fits-all approach,such as a fertilizer ban Plant growth and health are related to soil across all landscapes.Proper fertilization is needed to properties(USDA-NRCS,2005).For example,soils maintain healthy turfgrass that retains nutrients and that are high in organic matter(>3%)may require water. less N than soils with low organic matter(1%or less) because significant amounts of N can be made available from the organic matter in these soils. Urban soils that test high in P content would be unlikely to require additional P fertilization for at least several years,and then a well-calibrated soil test 13 - 19 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 12 also noted a particularly high degree of plant species could predict when P fertilization could resume.The diversity or richness in urban areas.These studies majority of soils in a North Carolina study did not suggest that urban soils offer potential for using the need P fertilizer(Osmond and Hardy,2004). diversity for the development of sustainable management practices for improving the capacity of Urban soil systems can be responsible for the urban landscape to deliver environmental benefits. significant N losses due to denitrification(Grof iman and Crawford,2003).Their studies in an urban Urban soils can be highly disturbed due to the riparian zone in Baltimore,Maryland,showed strong excavation,grading,soil moving,and construction positive relationships between soil moisture and processes,and fill-soils can take many forms organic matter and denitrification.These authors (USDA-NRCS,2005).Urban soils can be highly suggested taking advantage of these soil properties in compacted during the construction period and the storm water treatment in urban environments. water infiltration rate is reduced in these compacted soils(Gregory et al.,2006).These authors found that The potential for nutrient retention can be great construction activity reduced infiltration rates 70 to for urban soils,especially for lawns.This is because 99%and infiltration rates were typically lower than lawns are typically managed with irrigation and design storm infiltration rate(10 inches per hour) fertilizer to encourage plant growth and development used in northern Florida.Understanding these soil (Pouyat et al.,2010).Plant biomass is converted to formation and transformation processes is important soil organic matter,especially in lawns,and this for developing(after construction)and maintaining organic matter retains nutrients and water. landscapes that achieve the desired aesthetic Unfertilized lawns would reduce their productivity properties yet also do not result in degradation of and reduce their nutrient retention capacity.The key nearby water bodies.Paving and compacted soils can will be to balance the amount of nutrient inputs be facilitators of urban runoff and pollution.In a during the summer with the need to maintain meta-analysis of research studies on the relationship nutrient-assimilation capacity and organic matter between impervious surface and stream water quality, building capacity with reductions in nutrient losses to Schueler et al.(2009),found the impervious cover water bodies. model was supported;stream water quality can be In summary,research shows that urban soils can predicted from impervious cover percentage.Relative be highly disturbed yet maintain a high degree of proportion of open urban turf and landscape areas and capacity to benefit the environment.Urban soils are impervious areas should be considered to minimize highly variable in nutrient-supplying and retention runoff impacts on stream water quality capacities.Urban landscape management,especially (USDA-NRCS,2005).However,municipalities for soil disturbance,fertilization,and irrigation,is a considering regulations regarding limits to critical factor determining whether a soil/landscape impervious cover should first conduct a system will be a nutrient sink or a nutrient source and comprehensive evaluation of receiving water bodies the degree to which it will either retain or release and environmental assessments such as sources and nutrients.Research shows the most effective mitigation because limits may lead to increased approach to reducing nutrient losses will not be a environmental problems(Jones et al.,2005). one-size-fits-all approach,such as a fertilizer ban Plant growth and health are related to soil across all landscapes.Proper fertilization is needed to properties(USDA-NRCS,2005).For example,soils maintain healthy turfgrass that retains nutrients and that are high in organic matter(>3%)may require water. less N than soils with low organic matter(1%or less) because significant amounts of N can be made available from the organic matter in these soils. Urban soils that test high in P content would be unlikely to require additional P fertilization for at least several years,and then a well-calibrated soil test 13 - 19 Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 13 10 Pensacola 10 Tallahassee 10 Jacksonville 8 8 - 8 - 6 6 6 4 4 4 - 0 0 0 R JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 10 Tampa 10 Orlando 10 Melbourne 8 8 - 8 - 6 6 6 4 4 4 o o . .t JFMAMJ JA SO NO JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 10 Fort Myers 10 Key West 10 Miami 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 -� 4 0 , . 0 0 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Figure 3.Mean monthly rainfall totals(inches)at select stations across Florida from 1971-2000(CLIM20,2004). Issue W. How might rainfall patterns and applications during the summer result in less leaching amounts affect fertilizer nutrient leaching than applications at other times of the year(Trenhohn and runoff before, during,or after the et al.,2011). summer growth period? Potential for fertilizer leaching and runoff Florida receives more rain than nearly all other increase when the soil becomes saturated following a states,but the rain sometimes falls in large amounts heavy rain or several successive heavy rains.The over short periods(Purdum,2007).Erosion may World Meteorological Society and National Weather occur where soils are on slopes and where Service have established a two-inch rainfall as a groundcover is poor.Florida may receive significant "heavy rain"—when soil saturation is most likely to rainfall at any time of the year but particularly in the occur for most soils in Florida.However,there are summer months from thunderstorms or tropical several factors that affect how fast the soil will systems(Figure 3).There are times in the year when become saturated leading to leaching or runoff heavy rainfall occurs before and after the summer (Brady and Weil,2002;Zotarelli et al.,2010).These period(Figure 3).As recommended in the UF/IFAS factors include the soil texture,natural soil bulk Florida-Friendly Landscaping Program,fertilizer density,compaction,and how much of the 3 - ZC? Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 14 4 ' Pensacola 4 Tallahassee 4 Jacksonville 3 3 3 2 2 2 iI 1 I, I � I I ' fI II II 0 o a , JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 4 Tampa 4 Orlando 4 Melbourne 3 3 3 1o I . 1 1 1 � I � Iil 1 1 o ,Iil a � o d JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 4 Fort Myers 4 Key West 4 Miami 3 .3 : 3 2 2 2 fl 1 III JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Figure 4.Mean number of rainfall events greater than 1 inch(CLIM20,2004). water-holding capacity is already filled by prior rain in excess of the soil's water-holding capacity. or irrigation.Sandy soils that are present in most Homeowners should be educated more about not urban areas in Florida only hold from 0.7 to 1.0 fertilizing immediately before a heavy rainfall event. inches of water per foot of soil.Up to 25%of P Education should also focus on not irrigating when fertilizer was lost in runoff and leaching when applied the soil already is at its water-holding capacity. to saturated soils(Linde and Watschke, 1997).This illustrates the importance of careful irrigating so as Issue#4 What role does irrigation not to keep the soil saturated.Following irrigation management play the leaching and runoff n BMPs throughout the year helps minimize the of nutrients? negative impacts of these natural leaching rain events. Irrigation accounts for nearly one-third of During the year there are rarely more than 2 or 3 residential water use in the United States and this rainfall events of more than 1 inch,considered to be a amount is greater in warmer climates(Mayer et al., significant rainfall in any month at any location 1999).Romero and Dukes(2010)studied irrigation (Figure 4).Only about 10-15%of rainfall events in water use in southwest Florida.While the average Florida are 1 inch or more(i.e.,those most likely to irrigation closely matched the calculated irrigation result in nutrient leaching or runoff)(Figure 5). need,they found over-irrigation was commonplace in Additionally,leaching or runoff occurs not simply some cities.On average 53%of the irrigating because of"heavy"rainfall but because the rainfall is households accounted for nearly all of the 13 �l Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 15 20 c W � 15 E A � � c ja t 10- r d Q R .10 5 c as v CL o Qo a 0 .o � cpG �Q � oo `te `� Is1V CF Figure 5.Percentage of annual rainfall events greater than 1 inch at selected locations in Florida.Rain events separated by less than 6 hours are considered to be a single event.Period of record used: 1942-2005.The data sets analyzed contained between 28 and 64 complete years of data(Harper and Baker,2007). over-irrigation showing that some homeowners evapotranspiration(ET)+rainfall resulted in loss of greatly exceeded irrigation requirements. 50%of the applied soluble N(Snyder et al., 1984). Proper irrigation management is critical to preventing Any attempt to minimize N and P pollution from nutrient losses. the urban landscape will be for naught if irrigation management practices are not included in fertilizer New technology is available in the irrigation guidelines.Barton and Colmer(2004)reviewed the arena known as"Smart Irrigation." New controllers literature regarding irrigation and N management. typically monitor soil moisture status and void or These authors concluded that N losses are low(<5% permit irrigation based on soil moisture levels.These of applied N)from any established turfgrass when irrigation controllers use inputs of information irrigation is not excessive,and with moderate(not (sensors)from the irrigated area to determine or excessive)rates of N fertilizers.Irrigation scheduling regulate irrigation.Research in Florida on soil that does not result in water moving below the root moisture sensor controllers has shown that irrigation zone helps keep N in the root zone minimizing N savings can exceed 70%of automatic, losses. Sometimes this approach even resulted in clock-scheduled irrigations with a variety of improved turfgrass growth and quality. controllers under normal rainfall conditions (Cardenas-Lailhacar et al.,2008;McCready et al., In an early benchmark study in Florida by 2009).Savings during dry periods were less dramatic Snyder et al.(1984)on irrigation management and N but were as much as 30 to 40%(McCready et al., leaching,scheduling irrigation was done by a 2009).Finally,evapo-transpiration controllers have moisture sensor device that canceled irrigation when also been shown to result in savings of 43%during the soil contained adequate moisture.Controlled dry conditions(Davis et al.,2009).It should be noted irrigation led to more efficient irrigation and to that scheduling irrigation with soil sensors may not be negligible loss of the soluble N applied(ammonium consistent with current rules on irrigation of Florida nitrate)(Snyder et al., 1984).Irrigation at 125%of landscapes.The reader is referred to the local water Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Consequences:A Review. .. 16 management authorities for pertinent rules on degree of uniformity of water application(Baum et irrigation water availability. al.,2005). In a study in North Carolina,Osmond and Hardy Nutrient and water management go together for (2004)found that residents with movable sprinklers maintaining healthy turfgrass(Dukes,2008;Dukes et used about one-half the water as residents with fixed al.,2009).Proper irrigation management is needed systems.Automatic systems that irrigate during for healthy turf and to prevent nutrient losses.An rainfall or when the soil is saturated,or that simply urban irrigation scheduler tool is available on the over-irrigate all intensify leaching and runoff Florida Automated Weather Network(FAWN)at potential(Hull and Liu,2005).Irrigation and http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/Urban_inigation/.This fertilization practices go hand-in-hand.Properly tool allows a user to determine irrigation controller fertilized and irrigated turf results in minimal nutrient runtime estimates with three clicks of the computer losses to the environment(Beard and Green, 1994). mouse.Research has shown that using guidelines such as this tool can reduce irrigation by as much as Morton et al.(1988)studied N losses from 30%(Haley et al.,2007).Careful attention to Kentucky bluegrass in Rhode Island.N mass losses irrigation helps keep the water and nutrients in the due to leaching were 21b/acre with the root zone where nutrients will be used to grow managed-irrigation treatment(tensiometer)and 30 healthy turfgrass and not be lost to the environment. lb/acre with the over-watered treatment.The N loss with the managed irrigation treatment was the same In summary,proper irrigation management is as the N loss with the non-irrigated control treatment. critical for achieving minimal nutrient Iosses for the Leaching,not runoff,was the main avenue of loss of urban landscape,irrespective of time of year.The N.Runoff occurred only on two occasions,once research shows that timing of fertilizer in relation to when rain fell on frozen ground and once when rain rain or irrigation is important for minimizing leaching fell on an already saturated soil. of nutrients.There are websites containing assistance in scheduling irrigation and there are"smart Runoff volume from bermudagrass was related irrigation"systems that help take the guesswork out to simulated rainfall amounts and soil moisture level of irrigation management. prior to rain(Shuman,2002).Runoff was 24 to 44% of an applied 50 mm rain and 3 to 27%for the 25 mm Issue#5 What role does reclaimed water rainfall.The greatest mass loss of P was from the first play in nutrient runoff and leaching before, 4 hours after the first rainfall.The P loss decreased during,and after the summer growth period? after 24 hours and for later rain events.Loss of N increased with rate of N.The author suggested that Reclaimed water contains nutrients such as N runoff losses of N and P could be minimized with and P.Where reclaimed water is used for irrigation, small applications of irrigation after fertilizer these nutrients could be leached if nutrient levels are application and by not applying fertilizer before high and if irrigation is excessive.The information heavy rainfall or when the soil is saturated. below is presented to make several points about managing reclaimed water and cautions for relying on Current trends in Florida point to greater reclaimed water as a total substitute for fertilizers mandated water restrictions,even during non-drought during a restricted period.A history of reclaimed periods,to help conserve potable water supplies. water use in Florida,by Toor and Rainey(2009),can Homeowners should be educated about refraining be found at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss520.Information from excessive irrigation on"your day,"which could on Florida's reclaimed water program was result in saturated soils,nutrient leaching,and runoff. summarized by Martinez and Clark(2009a). For irrigation recommendations to have maximum benefit,other recommended practices must be Reclaimed water can be a valuable resource for followed.For example,the irrigation system should urban landscapes(Martinez and Clark,2009b; be properly designed and installed to achieve a high Parsons,2009).Many new residential developments have made reclaimed water available for irrigating Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 18 found that problems with certain ions in reclaimed socio-economic status and lawn greenness was water can result even in the humid eastern U. S., statistically significant,the correlation was weak. especially with newly established sod.Turfgrass, Law et al.(2004)surveyed homeowner lawn however,was able to remove the N from reclaimed fertilization practices in two watersheds in Baltimore water precluding groundwater impairment even under County,Maryland.Fertilizer amount in the Glyndon a wide variety of irrigation practices. watershed averaged 1101b/acre/year N,but the standard deviation was 100 lb/acre N,meaning that Application of reclaimed irrigation water to the application rates were extremely variable in the impervious surfaces such as driveways,sidewalks,or watershed.The rate varied from 2 to 41b/1000 square roads will result in losses of nutrients to the storm feet per year.Rates used were more related to the soil water system and in potential pollution.Irrigation type than to socio-economic variables.More fertilizer systems should be designed to ensure on-target was applied to turf on nutritionally poorer soils.These application of all reclaimed water used for irrigation. findings pointed to more"hot-spots"for nutrient Irrigation systems set to automatically irrigate losses and suggested the need for more soil-based with reclaimed water year-round would contribute N, testing to predict fertilizer needs.The authors above P,and other nutrients during the slow-growing or and others(Grove et al.,2006),point to the dormant period of turfgrass and landscape plants importance of comprehensive and detailed when these nutrients are not needed by the plants.For environmental testing and education programs,rather example,in most areas of the state,fertilization of than"one-size-fits-all"approaches.Baker(2007) turfgrass is not recommended in the winter(Sartain, studied literature on the question of whether fertilizer 2007) laws would work and concluded that programs most likely to result in behavioral change include a mix of The specific N and P concentrations in reclaimed components including education,incentives water are not always optimal for turfgrass (subsidies),disincentives,and marketing.Further, requirements.For example,a homeowner may have a programs may need to be spatially and socially soil that tests high in P and therefore does not require targeted. the P from the reclaimed water.In this case,it might not be wise to use reclaimed water if there is a nearby Section 3. Some approaches to water body that would be harmed by increased P controlling nutrient losses in the concentrations.The actual availability to the turfgrass urban environment of the added P in reclaimed water is governed by the soil chemical properties,which may render the P Local Ordinances as an Approach to unavailable to the turfgrass.This may occur if the soil Reduce Fertilizer Losses to the pH is too high or the soil contains high levels of iron Environment and/or aluminum. The research presented above points to potential Issue#6 Does the scientific literature say losses of nutrients from various lands and land use anything about homeowners'willingness to practices.The research points to potential differences adopt best management practices? in nutrient losses among various landscapes and various nutrient management practices,which leads There are only a few reports in the scientific to the question,"How can we best address water literature on the relationship between human quality issues, nutrient sources, and losses to the behavior and urban water quality.However history environment?"State and federal rules and guidelines does indicate that homeowners may be willing to and research-based University recommendations have change practices.For example we are recycling been developed to encourage improved nutrient one-third of municipal waste today,an increase from management practices in the urban environment that 7%in the 1970s(USEPA,2005;2007).Zhou et al. have source reduction as their goals.However,some (2009)studied lifestyle as a predictor of lawn care counties and municipalities have instituted rules more expenditures.While the relationship between stringent than the WAS and FDEP BMPs.In some 1325 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 19 cases,some states and counties have chosen the local compared to upstream sites.The ordinance not only ordinance approach as a means to locally control controlled P fertilization but also included strong urban fertilizer application(Florida Department of education programs about proper fertilizer Agriculture and Consumer Services,2007;Hartman management.The study showed a positive et al.,2008).In particular,the severe Florida red tide relationship between P reduction in the water with blooms in 2005 and 2006 precipitated local the implementation of the ordinance BMPs,but the governmental action in Florida(Hartman et al.,2008). authors acknowledged that it was impossible to determine if the controls on fertilizer solely led to the Examples of other states with fertilizer reductions in P.Other components of the overall ordinances program,such as fertilizer-management education, Minnesota enacted in 2002 the first state may have also played a role. regulation on P in urban fertilizers.This regulation The Ann Arbor ordinance and the Minnesota law prohibited P application to soils already high in P are similar to the Florida Green Industries Best content.The Minnesota Department of Agriculture Management Practices(BMPs)(FDEP,2008)and reported to the Minnesota Legislature on the the Florida-Friendly Landscaping Program(FFL) effectiveness of the Minnesota Phosphorus Lawn approaches(FDEP,2009b).These best-management Fertilizer Law over the first years(Minnesota Dept. approaches control fertilizer applications through Agriculture,2007).The findings included:P-free research-based turfgrass management decisions. fertilizer had become widely available in Minnesota; 'These ordinances do not have across-the-board amount of P applied was reduced 48%;and the law blackouts of fertilizer use during the active growing created a"teachable"moment for fertilizer period.Wisconsin is seeking to manage P fertilizer in management.Also,the report pointed out that a similar manner to Minnesota.It is interesting to note additional research was needed to ensure avoidance that Dane County(Madison)is the only county of"un-intended"negative consequences of P-free allowed to pass fertilizer ordinances fertilizers on turf health and water quality. (http://wwva.wisconsinlakes.org/pressl-12-09.html). Ann Arbor,Michigan,enacted a fertilizer While other counties cannot use the ordinance ordinance controlling P fertilization(Ann Arbor, approach,the municipalities can do this.Madison, 2011).The ordinance was in conjunction with a Wisconsin,has a P ordinance addressing P loads to statewide EPA Total Maximum Daily Load Lake Mendota.Apparently Wisconsin counties and (TMDL)-driven P fertilizer reduction effort.The municipalities are interested in a statewide fertilizer ordinance went into effect in 2007.Manufactured fie. fertilizers cannot be applied prior to April 1 or after These programs in Minnesota,Wisconsin,and November 15,coinciding to the colder part of the Michigan demonstrate the potential improvements in year when the turf is not growing.P fertilizer cannot water quality by following the BMPs in the ordinance be used except where establishing new turfgrass or and implementing a strong public education program. where a soil test indicates a deficiency in soil-P. Other municipalities in the country have enacted Researchers established water quality sampling ordinances controlling fertilizer,most often P stations in the Huron River watershed in southeastern fertilizer.A brief summary is presented below: Michigan(Lehman et al.,2009). Sampling was conducted under the jurisdiction of the Ann Arbor, •Municipalities in New Jersey-- Michigan,fertilizer ordinance and upstream in a http://www.lakehopatcong.org/ordinances.htm geographic area not under the city ordinance.P --ban P fertilizer in the winter when the ground is concentrations in the water were compared for 2008 frozen and have set-backs from water bodies. data against older data collected before the ordinance They do not prevent P fertilization of newly was enacted.P concentrations in the river water were established turf. lower in 2008 compared to the period prior to the ordinance and lower for the Ann Arbor sampling sites 13 -2� Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 20 •Several municipalities in Michigan use an The Florida situation with fertilizer ordinance to control P applications-- ordinances http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mda/ mda_Michigan Local—Fertilizer—Ordinance—List Many counties and municipalities in Florida,like _297174_7.pdf.Most of these ordinances other states and municipalities,have chosen the contain the following parts: ordinance as a means to control fertilizer use, however,some have included a fertilizer ban in the P application is not allowed in the winter.P summer active growing season.Most Florida fertilizers should contain 0 P except when ordinances contain guidelines that are supported by fertilizing newly planted sod or when a soil research and are consistent with the University of test indicates a need for P.Some ordinances Florida,IFAS,and FDEP nutrient BMPs.These include set-backs and reference to keeping practices include following recommended fertilizer fertilizer from impervious surfaces. application methods and keeping grass clippings and fertilizer from impervious surfaces.These materials •New York has similar rules for not allowing P can be moved into water bodies via the storm water. application in the winter,controlling P-content Fertilizer management is important because studies of fertilizers,involving a soil test in the decision (North Carolina)have shown only one-half of amount mount of N.apply P,and limiting the per-application residents remove fertilizer from impervious surfaces (Osmond and Hardy,2004).This result shows that •Annapolis,Maryland,has an ordinance similar lack of knowledge about how to avoid misapplication to those above,banning P fertilizer in the winter of fertilizer may be a contributing factor to nutrient and allowing P use of soils testing low in P or for losses,and a more serious one than properly fertilized newly planted turfgrass-- lawns where lawn maintenance activities are http://www.ci.annapolis.md.us/Government/ consistent with BMPs. Headlines/Arhives/OctDec2008.aspx. Certain ordinances in Florida contain a ban on While probably not exhaustive,the survey above fertilizer sale and application during the summer found no laws or ordinances that banned fertilizer in months of June 1 through September 30.The the summer period of active turfgrass growth.The rationale is that heavy rainfall events are common in rules in these states typically control fertilizer the summer months and the likelihood of leaching application based on BMPs,including the use of a and runoff of fertilizer is therefore greater during the soil test to predict P needs,the use of set-backs from summer.However,the summer months also are the water bodies,advice on keeping fertilizer off months when landscape plants such as turfgrass grow impermeable surfaces,controls on total amounts of the most actively and require nutrients for healthy fertilizer per application and for the season,bans on development.National research shows that this is the fertilization in the winter when the ground is frozen time of the year when turfgrass is most active in or when the turfgrass is not actively growing,and taking up nutrients and nutrient loss is negligible.The allowing fertilization of newly planted turf seeds or ban was part of a recommendation of a workgroup for sod.The ordinances in other states are much like a model ordinance from the Tampa Bay Estuary Florida DEP's Green Industries Best Management Program(TBEP,2008a;TBSP,2008b).This Practices,DEP's state model ordinance,the state's workgroup was composed of members from most of Urban Fertilizer Turf Rule,and the UF/IFAS the important stakeholders(public,private,turf and Florida-Friendly LandscapingTM Educational program fertilizer industry,and non-governmental for homeowners,commercial fertilizer applicators, organizations)in the urban water quality issue for the and builders and developers. Tampa Bay area.The ban or restricted period,or "blackout"part of the model ordinance was not supported by all stakeholders but was included in the final model ordinance(TBEP,2008).The model ordinance including the summer ban was proposed as 3';,7 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Conseauences:A Review 21 a model for counties and municipalities in Florida, program,which targets the education of homeowners; especially around Tampa Bay to follow in their own and the FYN Builder&Developer program,which ordinances. does outreach to Florida's many builders and In 2007 the FDACS created the Urban Turf developers.The FFL Program educates each of these groups with print and online materials,in-person Fertilizer Rule(FDACS,2007)to help protect water workshops and trainings,Florida-Friendly Yard quality in Florida by restricting the application of N Recognitions,and continuous outreach. and P fertilizers for urban turf and lawns.The rule requires that all fertilizers less than 50 lbs.sold for The FFL Program has come increasingly into the urban turf use are labeled with only the amount of N spotlight since the July 2009 passage of SB494, and P needed to sustain healthy turf.The rule requires which determined that all commercial fertilizer the directions on any turf fertilizer label to limit the applicators in Florida must be certified in the Florida amount of N and P that can be applied in a single Green Industries Best Management Practices for application and per year.This rule was designed to Protection of Water Resources in Florida by January help guide Florida's citizens to apply fertilizers in the 1,2014;and of SB2080,which prevents homeowner urban environment at rates that sustain healthy associations from interfering with residents' turfgrass and minimize potential nonpoint source implementation of Florida-Friendly LandscapingTM pollution from nutrient movement.After reviewing practices.The FFL Program is the UF/IFAS vehicle urban landscape leaching and runoff literature reports, for delivering sound scientific information to the the Urban Fertilizer Task Force,established by the public for educational purposes,including Florida Legislature in 2008,decided not include a scientifically based fertilization practices.More restricted period(ban)in their report to the Florida information on the FFL Program can be found at: Legislature(FDACS,2008).Evans et al.(no date) http://fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. from the Conservation Clinic of the University of Florida,College of Law,summarized the arguments Take-home lesson: Will fertilizer for and against BMPs or fertilizer bans.These authors restricted periods result in an suggested that bans should be considered after improvement of urban water mandated or voluntary BMPs have been tried and quality? found ineffective. The literature reviewed in sections 2 and 3 Center for Landscape Conservation and regarding urban nutrient management and water Ecology/Florida-Friendly LandscapingTo quality,and the experiences of other states shows Program that: Education programs and timely communication •Nutrient losses are negligible during the active of new research results to the stakeholders is growth period for healthy turf being fertilized extremely important in addressing urban water according to BMPs. quality issues(Heisler et al.,2008).The Florida-Friendly LandscapingTM(FFL)Program is a •Increased runoff and increased nutrient loss UF/IFAS Cooperative Extension program that may result when turfgrass is over-fertilized or educates Florida's citizens about protecting the when fertilizer is applied to unhealthy turfgrass. state's water resources and environment through sustainable landscaping practices.In conjunction •Properly fertilized turfgrass helps prevent soil with the Florida Department of Environmental erosion which moves soil and nutrients off-site. Protection(FDEP),the FFL Program operates out of .There are no scientific reports relating summer Extension offices in all 67 counties.The three-part fertilizer bans with improved water quality,but educational program is composed of the GI-BMP fertilizer control by science-based BMPs has program,which trains commercial horticulture been shown to be effective in reducing water professionals in BMPs;the FYN Homeowner pollution. 13- �� Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Conse uences:A Review.... 23 numerous and the interactions with harmful Ann Arbor,MI.2011.Phosphorus fertilizer algal blooms are complex. ordinance. http://www.a2gov.org/govemment/publicservices/ •Based on an analysis of national research, systems_planning/environment/pages/ unfertilized turf will lead to increased runoff and phosphorusfertilizer.aspx nutrient losses as tarfgrass health and density declines over time due to insufficient nutrient Arrington,D.A.,and K.Y.Melton.2010. supply. Unintended consequences:numeric nutrient criteria will constrain reuse opportunities. •BMPs,whether voluntary or embodied in a http://www.dgfirm.com/images/arrington- fertilizer ordinance,have been shown to be melton_reuse-NNC-v2%20_3_.pdf effective in reducing pollution of water bodies. Association of California Water Agencies. •Developing nutrient BMPs involves an iterative 2009.General facts about California's water process based on science and must be sustained [online].Available by Association of California to develop continually advancing knowledge. Water Agencies http://www.acwa.com/issues/generaLwater—facts/ facts/ •The BMP solution avoids the"one-size-fits-all" index.asp(verified 16 December 2009). approach because BMPs,by definition,provide for adjustments in the practices depending on Baker,L.D.2007.Stormwater pollution:Getting local conditions and science-based to the source.Stormwater November—December, recommendations. 2007,8 pages. •All published scientific research should be part http://www.stormh2o.com/forms/print-7447.aspx. of a comprehensive and complete discussion of Baker L.,D.Hope,Y.Xu,J.Edmonds,and L. approaches to reduce urban nutrient losses.All Lauver.2001.Nitrogen balance for the central stakeholders should actively engage in this Arizona—Phoenix(CAP)ecosystem.Ecosystems process. 4:582-602. •Research publications point to the importance Barber,S.A. 1984. Soil nutrient bioavailability: of a continued education effort to inform A Mechanistic Approach.Wiley-Interscience.New homeowners about how their landscape practices York. impact water quality.UF/IFAS conducts public education for the consumer and the landscape Barker,A.V.,and D.J.Pilbeam.2007. management professional.Continuing the effort Handbook of plant nutrition.Taylor and Francis.New to educate the public about the BMPs,as York. determined by scientific research,is of the Barton,L,and T.Colmer.2004.Irrigation and utmost importance. fertilizer strategies for minimizing nitrogen leaching References Cited from turfgrass.Procs.4s'Invi.Crop Science Congress. Alcock,F.2007.An assessment of Florida red M.C.,M.D.Dukes,and G.L Miller. tide:Causes,consequences and management Baum, s 2005•Analysis of residential irrigation distribution strategies.Mote Marine Laboratory,technical report 1190. uniformity.J.Irrigation and Drainage Engin. 131:336-341. Anderson,D.M.,P.M.Glibert,and J.M. 2008.Water Burkholder.2002.Harmful algal blooms and Beard,J.,and M.Kenna(Eds.). quality and quantity issues in urban landscapes. eutrophication:nutrient sources,composition,and Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. consequences.Estuaries 25:704-726. Ames,Iowa USA. `� . 3a Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 24 Beard,J.and R.L.Green. 1994.The Role of CLIM20,Climatography of the United States turfgrasses in environmental protection and their No.20.2004.Monthly Station Climate Summaries. benefits to humans.J.Environ.Qual.23:452-460. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/normals.html. Bierman,P.M.,B.P.Horgan,C.J.Rosen,A.B. Cole,J.T.,J.H.Baird,N.T.Basta,R.L. Hollman,and P.H.Pagliari.2010.Phosphorus runoff Huhnke,D.E. Storm,G.V.Johnson,M.E.Payton, from turfgrass as affected by phosphorus fertilization M.D. Smolen,D.L.Martin,and J.C.Cole. 1997. and clipping management.J.Environ.Qual. Influence of buffers on pesticide and nutrient runoff 39:282-292. from Bermudagrass Turf. Blanco-Canqui,H.,C.J.Gantzer,S.H. Cowen,William F.and G.Fred Lee. 1973. Andersen,2006.Performance of grass barriers and Leaves as Source of Phosphorous.Environmental filter stips under interrill and concentrated flow.J. Science and Technology.7(9): 853-854. Environ.Qual.35:1969-1974. Davis,S.L.,M.D.Dukes,and G.L.Miller. Blanco-Canqui,H.,C.J.Gantzer,S.H. 2009..Landscape irrigation by evaporation-based Andersen,and E.E.Alberts.2004.Grass barriers for irrigation controllers under dry conditions in reduced concentrated flow induced soil and nutrient Southwest Florida.Agricultural Water Management. loss. Soil Sci. Soc.Amer.J.68:1963-1972. 96:1828-1836. Bowman,D.C.,C.T.Cheney,and T.W.Ruftu. Diaz,R.,and R.Rosenberg.2008. Spreading 2002.Fate and transport of nitrogen applied to six dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. warm-season turfgrasses.Crop Science 42:833-841. Science 15 :Vol.321 no.5891 pp.926-929. Bowman,D.C.,D.A.Devitt,M.C.Engelke,and Dorney,John R. 1986.Leachable and Total T.W.Rufty. 1998.Root architecture affects nitrate Phosphorous in Urban Street Tree Leaves.Water,Air leaching from bentgrass turf.Crop Sci. and soil Pollution.28:439-443. 38:1633-1639. Dukes,M.D.,L.E.Trenholm,E.Gilman,C.J. Brady,N.C.and R.R.Weil.2002.The Nature Martinez,J L.Cisar,T.H.Yeager.2009.Frequently and Properties of Soils.Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle asked questions about landscape irrigation for River,NJ. 13th Edition. Florida-Friendly Landscaping ordinances.Fla.Coop. Ext.Publication#ENH 1114. Brown,K.W.,R.L.Duble,and J.C. Thomas. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WQ142. 1977.Influence of management and season on fate of N applied to golf greens.Agron.J.69:667-671. Dukes,M.D.2008. Summary of WAS turf and landscape irrigation recommendations.Florida Coop. Bushoven,J.T.,and R.J.Hull.2001.Nitrogen Ext. Serv.Publication#AE436 use efficiency is linked to nitrate reductase activity http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae436. and biomass partitioning between roots and shoots of perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass.Intl. Easton,Z.2004.Nutrient and pesticide loss in Turfgrass Soc.Res.Jour. 9:245-252. runoff and leachate from turfgrass.M.S.Thesis. Cardenas_Lailhacar,B.,M.D.Dukes,and G.L. Cornell University. Miller.2008. Sensor-based automation of irrigation Easton,Z.2006.Landscape impact on suburban on bermudagrass during wet weather conditions.J.of runoff:determining nutrient loading rates based on Irrigation and Drainage Eng. 134(2):120-128. land use.Ph.D.Thesis.Cornell University. Carrow,R.N.,D.V.Waddington,and P.E. Easton,Z.M.,and A.M.Petrovic.2004. Ricke.2001.Turfgrass soil fertility and chemical Fertilizer source effect on ground and surface water problems:Assessment and management.Ann Arbor quality in drainage from turfgrass.J.Environ. Qual. Press.Chelsea,MI. 33:645-655. L3 � � 1 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 25 Erickson,J.E.,J.L.Cisar,G.H. Snyder,D.M. Florida Friendly Landscaping.2009. Park,and K.E.Williams.2008.Does a http://www.floridayards.orglindex.php. mixed-species landscape reduce inorganic-nitrogen leaching compared to a conventional St. Florida Department of Environmental Augustinegrass lawn?Crop Science,Vol.48:1-9. Protection.2008.Florida Green Industries best management practices for protection of water Erickson,J.E.,J.L. Cisar,G.H. Snyder,D.M. resources in Florida.Florida Dep.Envir.Protection. Park,and K.E.Williams.2010.Effect of sod type, http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. irrigation,and fertilization on nitrate-N,and orthophosphate-P leaching from newly established St. Florida Department of Environmental Augustinegrass sod.Crop Science,Vol. Protection.2009a.Total maximum daily loads 50(3):1030-1036. Program.http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/tmdU. Erickson,J.E.,J.L. Cisar,J.C.Volin,and G.H. Florida Department of Environmental Snyder.2001.Comparison of nitrogen runoff and Protection.2009b.Florida-friendly landscape leaching between newly established St. guidance models for ordinances,covenants,and Augustinegrass turf and an alternative residential restrictions.FDEP and the University of Florida. landscape Crop Sci.41: 1889-1895. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. Evans,J.,A.Regan,T.Ankersen,and T. Florida Department of Environmental Ruppert. (no date).Murky Waters:Fertilizer Protection.2009c.2007 Reuse inventory ordinances and best management practices as policy [Online].Available by Florida Department of tools for achieving water quality protection in Environmental Protection Water Reuse Program Florida's lakes,streams,and bays. http://www.dep.state.fl.usfWater/reuse/inventory.htm http://www.law.ufl.edu/.../waterways/waterfronts/pdf/ (verified 16 December 2009). murky_waters.pdf. Frank,K.W.,2008.Nitrogen fate in a mature Evanylo,G,E.Ervin,and X.Zhang.2010. Kentucky Bluegrass turf.In:Nett,M.,Carroll,M.J., Reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation.Water. Horgan,B.P.,Petrovic,A.M.(eds.).The Fate of 2:685-701. Nutrients and Pesticides in the Urban Environment, vol.997.American Chemical Society,Washington, Florida Department of Agriculture and DC,pp.63-77. Consumer Services.2007.Rule 5E-1.003(2). Labeling requirement for urban turf fertilizers. Gilbert,P.M.,S.Seitzinger,C.A.Heil,J.M. http://www.flaes.org/pdf/ Burkeholder,M.W.Parrow,L.A.Codispoti,and V. Urbun Turf Fertilizers Rule.pdf Kelly.2005.The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmfull algal blooms.Oceanography Florida Department Of Agriculture and 18: 198-209. Consumer Services.2008.Florida Consumer Fertilizer Task Force Final Report To The 2008 Gregory,J.H., M.D.Dukes,P.H.Jones,and Florida Legislature. G.L.Miller. 2006.Effect of urban soil compaction on www.flaes.org/pdf/ infiltration rate.Journal of Soil and Water Fertilizer Task Force Final Report11408-3.pdf. Conservation Volume 61,Number 3:117-123. Florida Department of Agriculture and Groffman,P.,C.Williams,R.Pouyat,L.Band, Consumer Services.(2009).Archive fertilizer and I.Yesilonis.2009.Nitrate leaching and nitrous tonnage data. oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands.J.Environ. http://www.flaes.org/complitnonitoring/ Qual. 38:1848-1860. past fertilizer reports.html. Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review.... 26 Groffman,P.M.,and M.K.Crawford.2003. Waters M.S. Thesis Department of Marine Science Denitrification potential in urban riparian zones.J. College of Marine Science University of South Envir.Qual.32:1144-1149. Florida. Groffman,P.,N.L.Law,K.T.Belt,L.E.Band, Heil,C.A,M.Revilla,P M.Glibert,and S. and G.T.Fisher.2004.Nitrogen fluxes and retention Murasko.2007.Nutrient quality drives differential in urban watershed ecosystems.Ecosystems(2004) phytoplankton community composition on the 7:393-403. southwest Florida Shelf.Limnology and Oceanography 52:1067-1078. Gross,C.M.,J. S.Angle,and M. S.Welterlen. 1990.Nutrient and sediment losses from turfgrass.J. Heisler,J.,P.M.Glibert,J.M.Burkholder,D. Environ.Qual. 19:663-668. M.Anderson,W.Cochlan,W.C.Dennison,Q. Dortch,C.F.Gobler,C.A.Heil,E.Humphries,A. Gross,C.M.,J. S.Angle,R.L.Hill and M. S. Lewitus,R.Magnien,H.Marshall,K.Sellner,D. Welterlen. 1991.Runoff and sediment losses from Stockwell,D.K.Stoecher,and M. Suddleson.2008. tall fescue.J.Environ.Qual. 19: 604-607. Eutrofication and harmful algal blooms:A scientific Grove,J.M.,A.R.Troy,J.P.M.O'Neil-Dunne, consensus.Harmful Algae. W.R.Burch,Jr.,M.L.Cadenasso,and S.T.A. Doi:10.1016/j.ha12008.08.006. Pickett.2006.Characterization of households and its Hull,R.J.,and H.Liu.2005.Turfgrass implications for the vegetation of urban ecosystems. nitrogen:physiology and environmental impacts.Int'l Ecosystems 9:578-597. Turfgrass Society Research jour 10:962-975. Haley,M.B.,M.D.Dukes,G.L.Miller.2007. Janicki,A.,R.Pribble,H.Zarbock,S.Janicki, Residential irrigation water use in Central Florida.J. and M.Winowitc.2001.Model-Based estimates of of Irrigation and Drainage Eng. 133(5):427-434. total nitrogen loading to Tampa Bay:Current Hansen,G.,J.Ramos,E.A.Felter,C.White. conditions and updated 2010 conditions.Report by 2009.Adopting a Florida-Friendly landscape: Steps Janiki Environ.Inc.to The Tampa Bay Estuary for converting a typical development landscape to a Program. Florida-Friendly Landscape.Florida Coop.Ext. Serv. Jiang,Z,J.T.Bushoven,H.J.Ford,C.D. Publication#ENH1135 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep396. Sawyer,J.A.Amador,and R.J.Hull.2000.Mobility Harper,H.H.and D.M.Baker,2007. of soil nitrogen and microbial responses following Evaluation of current stormwater design criteria sudden death of established turf.J.Env.Qual. within the state of Florida.Final Report to the Florida 29:1625-1631. Department of environmental protection. Jones,G.W.,S.B.Upchurch,and K.M. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/docs/ Champion. 1996.Origin of Nitrate in Ground Water nonpoint/SW TreatmentReportFinal-71907.pdf. Discharging from Rainbow Springs,Marion County, Hartman,R.,F.Alcock,and C.Pettit.2008. Florida.Brooksville: Southwest Florida Water The spread of fertilizer ordinances in Florida. Sea Management District, 1996. Grant Law and Policy Jour. 1(1):98-114. Jones,J.E.,T.A.Earles,E.A.Fassman,E.E. http://www.olemiss.edu/orgs/SGLC/National/SGLPJ/ Herricks,B.Urbonas,and J.K.Clary.2005.Urban Vol1Nol/5Hartman.pd£ storm-water regulations—are impervious area limits a Havens,J.A.2004 A Stable Isotopic good idea?J.Environ.Engin.Feb:176-179. Examination of Particulate Organic Matter during Knox,G.,T.Broschat,J.Kidder,E.Gilman,L. Karenia brevis Blooms on the Central West Florida Trenhohn,R.Black,T.Wichman,D.Palmer,R. Shelf:Hints at Nitrogen Sources in Oligotrophic Zerba,C.White,A.Hunsberger,G.Israel,J.Cisar,K. Ruppert,D.Culbert,C.Kelly-Begazo,S.Park X3 . 33 Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review 27 Brown,E.Buss,E.Worden,C.Vavrina.2002. Marschner,H. 1995.Mineral nutrition of higher Fertilizer Recommendations for Landscape Plants. plants.2'd ed.Academic Press.New York. Florida Coop.Extension Serv.EH 858. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/epl 14. Martinez,C.J.,and M.W.Clark.2009a. Reclaimed water and Florida's water reuse program. Kopp,K.L.,and K.Guillard.2002.Clipping Florida Coop.Ext. Serv.Publication#AE448. management and nitrogen fertilization of turfgrass: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae448. Growth,nitrogen utilization,and quality.Crop Sci. 42:1225-1231. Martinez,C.J.,and M.W.Clark.2009b.Using reclaimed water for landscape irrigation.Florida Kussow,W.R.2008.Management practices Coop.Ext.Serv.Publication#AE449 affecting nitrogen nd soluble phosphorus losses from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae449. an upper Midwest lawn.Chapter 1,pages 1-18.In: Mary T.Nett,Mark J.Carroll,Brian P.Horgan,A. Martinez,C.J.,M.W.Clark,G. S.Toor,G.J. Martin Petrovic(eds.).Fate of nutrients and Hochmuth,and L.R.Parsons.2010.Accounting for pesticides in the urban environment.Amer.Chem. the nutrients in reclaimed water for landscape Soc. irrigation.Florida Coop.Ext.Serv.(in press). Lapointe,B.E.,B.Bedford,L.Brand,and C. S. Mayer,P.W.,W.B.DeOreo,E.M.Opitz,J.C. Yentsch.2006.Harmful algal blooms in coastal Kiefer,W.Y.Davis,B.Dziegielewski,J.O.Nelson. waters of Lee County,FL:Bloom dynamics and 1999.Residential end uses of water.Amer.Water identification of land-based sources. Works Assoc.,Denver.CO. www.peer.org/docs/fl/06-17_10_lee_cty_report.pdf. McCready,M. S.,M.D.Dukes,and G.L.Miller. Lapointe,B.E.,P.J.Barile,M.M.Littler,and 2009 Water conservation potential of smart irrigation D.S.Littler.2005.Macroalgal blooms on southeast controllers on St.Augustinegrass.Agricultural Water Florida coral reefs H.Cross-shelf discrimination of Management 96(11):1623-1632. nitrogen sources indicates widespread assimilation of McKinney,M.2008.Effects of urbanization on sewage nitrogen.Harmful Algae.4: 1106-1122. species richness:A review of Urban Ecosystems, Larkin,S.L.,and C.M.Adams.2007.Harmful Vol. 11: 161-176.doi:10.1007/s 11252-007-0045-4 algal blooms and coastal business:Economic Key:citeulike:2679582. consequences in Florida.Society and Natural Miltner,E.D.,B.E.Branham,E.A.Paul,and P. Resources 20:849-859. E.Rieke. 1996.Leaching and mass balance of Law,N.L.,L.E.Band,and J.M.Grove.2004. 15N-labeled urea applied to a Kentucky Bluegrass Nitrogen input from residential awn care practices in turf.Crop Science 36:1427-1433. suburban watersheds in Baltimore County,MD.J. Minnesota Dept.of Agriculture.2007.Report to Environmental Planning and the Minnesota Legislature:Effectiveness of the Management,47:5,737-755. Minnesota Phosphorus Lawn Fertilizer Law. Lehman,J.T.,D.W.Bell,and K.E.McDonald. httP://v'ww.mda•state.mn.us/phoslaw. 2009.Reduced river phosphorus following Morton,T.G.,A.J.Gold,and W.M. Sullivan. implementation of a lawn fertilizer ordinance.Lake 1988.Influence of overwatering and fertilization on and Reservoir Management,25:3,307-312. nitrogen losses from home lawns.J.Environ.Qual. Linde,D.L.,and T.L.Watschke. 1997. 17:124-130. Nutrients and sediment in runoff from creeping Nett,M.,M.J.Carroll,B.P.Horgan and A.M. bentgrass and perennial ryegrass turf.J.Envior.Qual. 26: 1248-1254. Petrovic,editors.2008.The fate of nutrients and pesticides in the Urban Environment.American Chemical Society.Washington DC USA. 13 - 3 � Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 29 Schueler,T.R,L.Fraley-McNeal,and K. Tampa Bay Estuary Program.2006.Charting Cappiella.2009.Is impervious cover still important? The Course.The Comprehensive Conservation and Review of recent research.J.Hydrologic Engineering Management Plan For Tampa Bay. 14:309-315. http://www.tbep.org/pdfs/ctc/Ctctoc.html. Selman,M.,and S.Greenhalgh.2009. Tampa Bay Estuary Program.2008a.Final Eutrophication:Sources and drives of nutrient report from the workgroup to develop residential pollution.World Resources Institute.Policy Note#2. fertilizer use guidelines for the Tampa Bay Region. www.tbeptech.org/.../2008/ Shuman,L.M.2001.Phosphate and nitrate Z`BEP_07_08_Final_Reducrion_Credits_TBEP_ movement through simulated golf greens.Water,Air, Regional-Fertilizer Guideline-Recommendations.pdf and Soil Poll. 129:305-3I8. - Shuman,L.M.2002.Phosphorus and nitrate Tampa Bay Estuary Program.2008b.Tampa nitrogen in runoff following fertilizer application to Bay model regional fertilizer ordinance.Final report. turfgrass.J.Environ,Qual. 31:1710-1715. Tampa Bay Estuary Program Technical Publication# Snyder,G.H.,B.J.and J.M.Davidson. 1984. 06-08. Moisture sensor-controlled irrigation for reducing N www.tbep.org/pdfs/TBEP-Model-Ordinance.pdf leaching in bermudagrass turf.Agron.J.76:964-969. Thomas,J.C.,R.H.White,J.T.Vorheis,H. Soldat,D.J.,and A.M.Petrovic.2008.The fate G.Harris,and K.Diehl.2006.Environmental impact and transport of phosphorus in turfgrass ecosystems. of irrigating turf with Type I recycled water.Agron.J. Crop Science 48:2051-2065. 98:951-961. Starr,J.L.,and H.C.DeRoo. 1981.The fate of Toor,G. S.,and Donald P.Rainey'2009.History nitrogen fertilizer applied to turfgrass.Crop Sci. and Current Status of Reclaimed Water Use in 21:531-536. Florida'Fla.Coop.Ext. Serv. SL 308 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss520. Steinke,K.J.C.Stier,W.R.Kussow,and A. Thompson.2007.Prairie and turf buffer strips for Trenhohn,L.T.,J.B.Unruh,and J.B. Sartain. controlling runoff from paved surfaces.J.Environ. 2011.Nitrate leaching and turf quality in established Qual.36:426-439. 'Floratam'St.Augustinegrass and'Empire' Zoysiagrass.Crop Science:(Accepted for Strynchuk,Justin,John Royal and Gordon Publication). England.2004.Grass and Leaf Decomposition and Tufford,D.L.,C.L. Samarghitan,H.N. Nutrient Release Study under Wet Conditions. Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Water McKellar,D.E.Porter,and J.R.Hussey.2003. Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning Impacts of urbanization on nutrient concentrations in and Management 2000.431 pg.American Society of small southeastern coastal streams.J.Amer.Water Civil Engineers.Reston,VA USA. Resources Assoc.39:301-312. Stumpf,R.P.,R.W.Litaker,L.Lanerolle,and P. Turgeon,A.J.2008.Turfgrass Management.8th A.Tester.2007.Hydrodynamic accumulation of ed.Prentice-Hall,Upper Saddle River,N.J. Karenia off the west coast of Florida.Continental UF/IFAS.2009.Florida Yards and Shelf Res.28:189-213. Neighborhoods Handbook.University of Florida- Sullivan,W.M.,Z.Jiang,and R.Hull.2000. IFAS Extension.Gainesville,FL.(Recommendations Root morphology and its relationship with nitrate in this edition supersede all previous uptake in Kentucky Bluegrass.Crop Science. recommendations). 40:765-722. �3 -3� Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoidina Unintended Conseauences:A Review.... 30 U. S.D.A.N.R.C.S.2005.Urban Soil Primer. Selman,M,and S.Greenhalgh.2009. 2005.Natural Resources Conservation Service. Eutrofication: Sources and drivers of nutrient USDA. pollution.World Resources Institute.WRI Policy http://soils.usda.gov/use/urban/downloads/ Note No.2. primer(screen).pdf. Zhou,W.,A.Troy,J.M.Grove,and J.Jenkins. U.S.,Environmental Protection Agency.2005. 2009.Can money buy green?Demographic and Municipal solid waste in the United States,2005: socioeconomic predictors of lawn-care expenditures Facts and Figures and lawn greenness in urban residential areas. Society http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/ and Natural Resources,22:744-760. mswchai05.pdf. Zarbock,H.W.,A.J.Janicki,D.L.Wade,and U.S.,Environmental Protection Agency. R.J.Pribble. 1996.Model-Based Estimates of Total 2007.Recycling:basic facts. Nitrogen Loading to Tampa Bay.Technical http://www.epa.gov/msw/facts/httn. Publication#05-96 of the Tampa Bay National Estuary Program.Prepared by Coastal Environmental U.S.,Environmental Protection Agency.2009. Services,Inc. Pet Waste Management.United States Environmental Protection Agency Fact Sheet,Washington,DC. Zotarelli,L.,M.D.Dukes,and K.T.Morgan. 2010.Interpretation of Soil Moisture Content to U.S.,Environmental Protection Agency.2010. Determine Soil Field Capacity and Avoid Impaired waters and total maximum daily loads. Over-Irrigating Sandy Soils Using Soil Moisture http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/Cwa/tmdl/ Sensors.Fla.Coop.Ext. Serv.AE 460. index.cfin. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae460. Vargo,G.A.,C.A.Heil,K.A.Fanning,L.K. Dixon,M.B.Neely,K.Lester,D.Ault,S.Murasko, J.Havens,J.Walsh,and S.Bell.2008.Nutrient availability in support of Karenia brevis blooms on the central West Florida Shelf What keeps Karenia blooming?J.Continental Shelf Research 28: 73-98. Walsh,J.J.,and K.A. Steidinger.2001.Saharan dust and Florida red tide:The cyanophyte connection. J.Geophysical research 106:11597-11612. Wang,P.F.,J.Martin,and G.Morrison. 1999. Water quality and eutrofication in Tampa Bay, Florida.Estuarine,Coastal,and Shelf Science 49:1-20. Wherley,B.G.,D.W.Shi,D. C.Bowman,and T.W.Rufty.2009.Fate of 15N-Nitrate applied to a bermudagrass system:assimilation profiles in different seasons.Crop Science 49(6):2291-2300. Wood,C.W.,K.A.Cummins,C.C.Williams, and B.H.Wood.2004.Impact of diet and age on elemental excretion from dogs.Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.35:1263-1270. 13 . 31 Urban Water Qualitv and Fertilizer Ordinances:Avoiding Unintended Consequences:A Review 31 Table 1.Amounts of total N applied depend on the concentration of N in the reclaimed water and the amount of reclaimed water applied during irrigation. Highlighted columns represent the approximate average annual irrigation needs for turf in Florida. N conc.in 1.0 inch 6.0 Inches 10 Inches 20 inches 30 inches Winches 100 ISO reclaimed Irrig.water Irrig.water Irrig.water Irrig.water irrig.water irrig.water Inches Inches water Irrig. Irrig. (ppm total water water N) Resulting lbs N per 1,000 fe 1.0 0.005 0.026 0.052 0.104 0.155 0.259 0.518 0.777 2.0 0.010 0.052 0.104 0.207 0.311 0.518 1.036 1.554 3.0 0.016 0.078 0.155 0.311 0.466 0.777 1.554 2.331 5.0 0.026 0.130 0.259 0.518 0.777 1.295 2.590 3.885 10.0 0.052 0.259 0.518 1.036 1.554 2.5905.180 7.770 20.0 0.104 0.520 1.041 2.081 3.121 5.202Ll 10.41 15.61 30.0 0.156 0.780 1.561 3.121 4.682 7.8045.61 23.41 Table 2.Amount of P 2 0 5 applied as a function of the concentration of P(as P)in reclaimed water and the quantity of reclaimed water applied.Highlighted columns represent the approximate average annual irrigation needs for turf in Florida P conc.In 1.0 Inches 5.0 Inches 10 Inches 20 Inches Winches SO inches 100 ISO reclaimed irrig.water Irrig.water irrig.water irrig.water inig.water Irrig.water Inches Inches water Irrig. Irrig. (ppm) water water Resulting lbs P 2 0 5 per 1,000 f? 0.1 0.001 0.006 0.012 0.024 0.036 0.060 0.119 0.179 0.25 0.003 0.015 0.030 0.060 0.089 0.149 0.298 0.447 0.5 0.006 0.030 0.060 0.119 0.179 0.298 0.596 0.894 0.75 0.009 0.045 0.089 0.179 0.268 0.447 0.894 1.340 1.0 0.012 0.060 0.119 0.238 0.357 0.596 1.191 1.787 2.0 0.024 0.119 0.238 0.477 0.715 1.192 L 2.383 3.575 5.0 0.060 0.298 0.596 1.192 1.787 2.979 5.957 8.936 � 3-3� UFtJNIVFS1T-, PO -24AL;UScience-Polis Confers ce Ma 1- FRLORIDA Fertilizer Bans in Florida's Urban Areas: -22012 Washin ton DC. IFAS . Does the Science Su Gurpal S .Toon and PPo� Policy? (� Soil b Water quality Laboratory,DuM Coast Research and Education Cd Mary G. Lusk U University M Florida,Wimauma,FL.E-mail: too �JLORIDA Iu 18ull.edu i IFAS.ccmEC Fertilizer Bans Ordinances in Florida if Out ol29 Florida ie- coumles/munkipgIM01 that have ordinances b+piece: Discharge and Loads at Alafia River 10 ordinances clue no ro nitrogen firt9izer application from June 1 s 6epben+her 30 each year. Discharge and total N led In river was two-told higher In wet then dry asesons dunnp 1976- Wee kly N forms durin 2009 Wat SeaaOn 2 ordinances Include reatrktions on 180211 miss. 2000-Higher N 101 was bemuse of mora ninfa9 sea k ) _-__910- r 11 additional muntiasrmunkip obas aro developing ordinances. that muad more runoo of N.But don this mean artlour N b tiro o aro 4 in want season At MI cU organic forms of N,botl+"a"d(DON)anti paNculeta(PON),were source comrol7 my source that needs Man 9reatar(61.85%of stal N)thanniberI(9J5%of total tau Premise behind Fertilizer Ban Ordinances a o Florida remNea a total of-137 cm sinal each .., Mtrat"was greater in developed than undeveloped saes,while ammoniumdd year.Of ink, rro ta"In•Me Figure 4 was only 48%oftatal N(Figure 8), JuneSeptember(wet Season)In chart duration high intensity sterSO'0%cusum during four months of an _ Higher ramal muses more runoff,so the too ■Organic-N o Nibete-N agmmonlum-N Promise k that by banning fertilizer applications,bas of s g °011' Highers In rumor hath tawnc thea be rotlucad 'm m l Controversy e Not aetenee-baetl,but'eo f0 Figure 8 avatar bodies(streamWrNas/eefgan�esndurN PProaeh 1Mb fertilizer bane wrl knprove avatar quality In 1sx 1 g wet eeawn. Ors n n n m ea n •sx Lack o/science-band data tan rosined in controversy between environmental groups and Industry, is n •• o+ m m or m on Nitrogen•Background r� °• 0Yo 11.9 tog e Toatl N bed(he der'), —._._ 1744 a.%: • Nitrogen(N)omun w several forms in environ Figure 1 - gra _-. mint and theca p' •uO•d•°nOn.r•d uko rm„a,y cora WMM yrs In uses LOADEST Model m% amu ere cycled bank end forth,ac shown In Figure 1: "' - as ft yy Did Urban DevelopmentIncrease Total N in River? » n (1+laom.eu.u dkwfvd in wear,as NarNa(NOi),Nitrite Fm - "+•�"` (NO=7,and Amrrwnium(NH�). 4^°•^ ran sx „l.... Long-arm monthly total N concentrations wen 1.57.243 Area 7uM1ey sena Palo— s01A° `131Qaa0ifd,as DkwNed(DON)and Partkuha(PON} „0 1.14"1 in undeveloped stream segnuns.The FPA toh�MretlsAoMpved a ka.Ws Change in Mon[hh/N Forms from D to Wet Season Part of Florida's sbsams k 1.65 nplL,whish was open eltotal N hr the developed oras. • From 1991 to 2009,total N at tin most dww tmmm monitoring station(Alessi increased Nitro en Transformations in in Ponds by-20%(17.7 P9IU r,which k equivalent quivaant s 0.33 myL lo 19 years).Sea Figure 6. At all sites(1 B91-2009),during wet seasons there was 3.18sA bei nitrate.S w residential n ponds aro required In N and 2-18%more o now rosklenttal developments by law a meet O1• s mars»1.o1x soryw n9arbic N in streams as compared to dry seasons. pre-devabpment discharge levels. Terrestrial ♦.eAa 411-229 Sources Figure 2 4 We hypodreane that there wee mora flow of matter(Organic C and N)from N carried In runolFamers the panda and with West-central Florid.EPA total N Figure 5 upstream areas and more N attenuation(denilrific"Orl)due to high Swami tnnaammtion'loaves pons and rs, threshold-1,65 mg/L rainfall-runoff during wet seasons.This tike res enters into stream network(Figure 2). ^ nitrate-N and mora baa y brtied b loss a Is convronly be0evd tllat N applied a ^ ° as organic N. loss as O awn'is min imay aced,m.king In mnon Change in N Forms basad polutkg wear blies. From Month to WeeklyData of Wet Season N applied mala artlNzen k inorganic N(nares. �i" c } o At a9 sides,during 2009 ammonium)and rapidly changes an - s1 n u N a as n as n w e1 n as 12-20%loss wet season weekly data,we noted that that&was nitrate-N and 10-18%mot& SPPrrmtlon b marcs.So r artllizen an the "" < N as as n as Be organic N in streams as only source,iron N formin runogshoula be Nfr�' N0' Monthly Nforms durinq 18 Wet Seasons 1991_ compared with lon9'teRn monthly data. largely nitrats9.This k the Promise behind 2009 arbllzar ban ordinances. j"+. TOt S ra Attlee Maltutem sae:of total N.31%was nitres-N and 64%vat organic N(Figura 8). We hy�hdy s t events FOr BMPd during high-inMns' ng Wet seasons did rrgt capture Terreebiat N sources in At tsw Developed sites:of total N,43-49%was nitrate and 4955%was organic N elcempb,there Were only 4 monthly organics(leaves, raas�d orals,Ito At two Undeveloped saes:of cal N.25%Was samPbs coflected during wet seasons(1991.2008)vs,18 weekly samples cewars,abnmphsdc depos tee'aalo� maraca N and 71%was organic N. in wet season(2009),In high fbwevents,more Nein inorganic and organic N was organic norms +ea SiOrganI �NarateN ■AmmOraumN transported due to increased Connectivity of upstream areas.Therabro, leaves Donde we were able to capture more realistic N transport Pheromene. m%- Est arWy ants(Allow Figure ure 3 Warn is)is Part of the Tampa Bay Watershed end drains into Tampa B 1sx Ea[eary.bee below Figure 3 end Taloa 1 for Namutbn aboutmm o associated ms- Figure 6 We selected arra mabusm sae and two each of developed ed undsvelop d sub-basin alai.We u ed m% two debases ar thisexploratory study:(1)ton ux •e Organic N(61.85%during 2009 wet season and 441-711%during 18 wet that was spot into mat xenon(Jun"op r�nbw(andtdry s monthly stream N mmmntramns data m% seasons from 1991-2009)was the dominant N form measured in streams. aveemwear N concentration dao of 2009 wet season. season(October-Mry)and(2)weekly '011 This data demonstrates that most of N transport Occurs in o Table 1 ,�„, " e a a forms,followed by nitrate-N. P rBanic N Our date contradicts the noo-s lan6fic approach used b Total N(mgn)-1.61 1.71 1,45 0.02 135 Florida to ban fertilizers under the Y policy makers in caaarm _1 Al ms predominant in urban watersheds during premise that nitrate-N bas is 10't -13 _.-m _- a n u u Monthly N forms durin°18 Qm SP 9 DeriOda of intense rainfall(wet Pa'+brw ' Twsera.ey m u - aeons!1991 20091 season). 4'°•d P- clow Pre, iso 32 24 24 Is . 12 o At the Maksam sae:Oftotal N,41%me nante•N and 56%was organic N(Figure 7). .•As many Counties in Florida have used non-scientific approach ue-d.•eba•d 4_ FYN,a,mo rt 1_ 14 e 0--- +e m At two Developd sites:of total 6(1 was naraa•N and realdeMlal N f°rtlWr a aqua to ban _ K 3437%was oro "N this ban would result reduction during Wet season.our data questions if u^y'•bn4 -_s sawvronc. - .277 ac.. 4 1 _e. _ s as At two Undeveloped eases:of total N.28-43%"a manta-N and 5449%was organic N. �m ro��Of mbato-N and total N loss. a ■Orger" 11,11bete-N ■Ammorbum-N There are multiple N sources in urban&roes.There Is an urgent need to cox identify Ute important N sources and understand fate and transport of N RESIDENTIAL Figure 3 m% from a continuum of residential burns to streams. BGRI UL ro%. Figure 7 The Whom-system approach to N transport AGRICULTURE • streams)is important so that w e dynamos(troth lawns b 1 ms correct orb Bite-s 9 PASTURELAND cox Practices to control N transport from urbanlandscapes Pacific best management P le water resources.aro developed and ;..FOREST > r m% Implemented t0 protect Florida's sensitive wooer resources. MINED LJ-) RECLAIMED i tit% N Y ~ >•.: tl RECREATIONAL ul ox "w. lwaq rr.re r%N..a sewn Total N(mgn).1.83 1.90 Monthly date used In Nis study alae obtained from Emrkonmer+sl Protection _� 1.66 0.96 1,09 Commiaskn of HlWborough County,Discharge date wee NMI from=08"boil.. f WARM-SEASON TURFGRASS N RATES „ & IRRIGATION BMP VERIFICATION DEP WM 869 BY —C Deputy Clerk COMPLETED STUDIES REPORT Principal Investigators Dr. Laurie E. Trenholm University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 110675 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0675 (352)273-4524, letrgufl.edu Dr. John L. Cisar University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center(FLREC) 3205 College Ave. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 (954) 577-6336, ilcigufl.edu Dr.J. Bryan Unruh University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences West Florida Research and Education Center(WREC) Jay Research Farm 4253 Experiment Drive, Hwy. 182 Jay, FL 32565 (850) 995-3720 x108,jbu(2ufl.edu Dr.Jerry B. Sartain University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 110510 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0675 352-392-7271 ext 330, sartain@ufl.edu This project and the preparation of this report were funded by a grant from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). Contract#: DEP WM 869 Contract Manager: Dr. Mike Thomas April 2012 1 l 3 _ ' o Table 70. N sources and manufacturers. Code I Description %N Manufacturer KUREranularurea46 PCS Sales, Inc.Northbrook, IL :30 urea:xcu 45 ws a slud e bio-solid 5 Milor anite,Milwaukee, WI f mer coated urea 41 Pursell Inc., S lacau a,AL f mer coated urea 43 A rium Advanced Technologies, AL RESULTS Turfgrass Quality,Color and Clipping Growth Turfgrass quality was significantly affected by fertilizer treatment on most observation dates and the readily soluble N treatments generally had the quickest response with some slow and controlled release N forms providing better turfgrass quality over timeframe within the blackout period and then after that period (Tables 2a-2b). In the no-N check,turfgrass quality dipped below the 6.0 minimally acceptable rating on 6/25 and was consistently the lowest rated treatment(Tables 2a-2b). Turfgrass color ratings had similar treatment responses (Tables 3a-3b). Turfgrass clipping growth responded to the application of the various forms of N as anticipated by the availability of N from the N sources (Tables 4a-4b). The controlled release source PCU had the most clippings at the end of the reporting period while having the least early on (Tables 4a-4b). N Leaching and Climatological Data The trial was conducted during the rainy season months encompassing blackout period months. Thus, nearly 100 cm of rain and irrigation impacted the site during the trial months and June and July each had approximately 25 cm of rain (Figure 18). Nitrate-N leaching was significantly-affected by N treatment with the urea treatment having the most cumulative leaching followed by the 70:30 soluble/slow combination treatment and other treatments (Table 74a-e, Figure 19). The 3 slow or controlled release N products had Nitrate-N leaching totals that were statistically—equal to the no-N check,were lower than the urea treatment, and statistically-equal to the 70:30 combination treatment(Tables 74a-e). Most of the leaching occurred during the first month after application(Table 74a). Thereafter,there were no significant differences in leaching. In conclusion,while the application of N at a high rate to compensate for black out restrictions improved visual ratings and growth,there was increased N leaching from turf receiving readily-available N. Using complete slow or controlled-release N reduced N leaching to statistically-equal amounts achieved the no- N check and improved turfgrass visual ratings and growth at the end of the study. 89 Table 71a. N Timing: Turfgrass quality ratings. TRT 5/18/09 6/15 6/22 6/25 7/2 7/10 7/20 8/6 URE 6.8 7.8a 7.9a 8.2bc 7.3b 7.0 7.2a 6.6b UXCU 6.8 7.8a 7.9a 8.6ab 8.1a 6.7 7.Oa 6.8ab BS 6.7 6.9bc 7.2b 7.8c 7.2b 7.3 7.3a 6.7b PCU 6.7 6.5c 5.8c 5.7d 6.1c 6.8 7.3a 7.2a XCU 6.5 7.2b 8.1a 9.Oa 8.4a 6.9 7.4a 6.8ab CHK 6.7 6.5c 6.Oc 5.8d 5.7c 6.3 5.8b 5.4c Signif. ns ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ns and ** =P>0.05 and P<0.01 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Turfgrass quality ratings based on a 1-9 scale with 9=dark green turf, 1=dead/brown turf, and 6=minimally acceptable turf. Table 71b. N Timing: Turfgrass quality ratings. TRT 8/21/09 9/3 9/18 10/2 URE 6.4b 6.5ab 6.8b 6.7b UXCU 6.5b 6.2b 6.4b 6.4b BS 6.8b 6.7ab 7.2ab 6.8ab PCU 7.4a 7.Oa 7.7a 7.5a XCU 6.8b 6.6ab 6.7b 6.5b CHK 5.6c 5.4c 5.5c 5.3c Signif ** ** ** ** ** =P<0.01 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Turfgrass quality ratings based on a 1-9 scale with 9=dark green turf, 1=dead/brown turf, and 6=minimally acceptable turf. 2009 SUMMER BLACKOUT TEST: QUALITY 6 URE 6 f UXCU 5 BS Mg 4 gj -*-PCU R �FXCU 3 EN 2 a` h, CHK RAI g, I21 4 =01 I ISO 18-May 15-Jun 22-Jun 25-Jun 2-Jul 10-Jul 20-Jul 6-Aug 21-Aug 3-Sep 18-Sep 2-Oct Figure 15. N Timing Blackout Test: Overall visual quality from 18 May-2 Oct. 2009. 90 13 - k3 Table 72a. N Timing: Turfgrass color ratings. TRT 5/18/09 6/15 6/22 6/25 7/2 7/10 7/20 8/6 URE 6.4 8.1a 8.3a 8.2b 7.7b 7.2 7.3a 6.7b UXCU 6.6 8.Oa 8.3a 8.4ab 8.5a 6.8 7.2a 7.1ab BS 6.3 7.3b 7.4b 7.4c 7.4b 7.7 7.4a 7.Oab PCU 6.3 6.8bc 6.3c 5.6d 6.3c 7.1 7.5a 7.4a XCU 6.3 7.2b 8.6a 9.Oa 8.6a 7.3 7.7a 7.3a CHK 6.5 6.5c 6.1c 5.5d 5.8c 6.3 6.Ob 5.6c Signif. ns ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ns and ** =P>0.05 and P<0.01 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Turfgrass color ratings based on a 1-9 scale with 9=dark green turf, 1=dead/brown turf, and 6=minimally acceptable turf. Table 72b. N Timing: Turfgrass color ratings. TRT 8/21/09 9/3 9/18 10/2 URE 6.7b 6.8b 6.8b 6.2b UXCU 6.9b 6.6b 6.6b 5.9b BS 6.9b 6.8b 7.1ab 6.3b PCU 7.4a 7.5a 7.5a 7.2a XCU 7.Ob 6.8b 6.9ab 6.2b CHK 6.1c 5.8c 5.8c 5.3c Signif ** ** ** ** ** and * =P<0.01 and P<0.05 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Turfgrass color ratings based on a 1-9 scale with 9=dark green turf, 1=dead/brown turf, and 6=minimally acceptable turf. 2009 SUMMER BLACKOUT TEST: COLOR 10a d n 2 9 « 8 N , N ,�. �I ;." a � - � � a SURE UXCU BS "I�wi�" ... � i '+` a,,..&�6� -d(-PCU R ^�,�r -IIE-XC+U 3fat 11 OEM , r -CHK 2 _ I iil 5 illl i A 102- 1133-AMINE, 3' 18-May 15-Jun 22-Jun 25-Jun 2-Jul 10-Jul 20-Jul 6-Aug 21-Aug 3-Sep 18Sep 2-Oct Figure 16.N Timing Blackout Test: Overall visual color from 18 May-2 Oct. 2009. 91 2009 SUMMER BLACKOUT TEST:CLIPPING YIELDS g/m2 so � � � � �. x � E ($ RkM 60 � , LURE UXCU 50r , a � .` BS 40 � -PCU -XCU -.*-CHK 20 10 a 0 15-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 10-Jul 20-Jul 6-Aug 21-Aug 3-Sep 18-Sep 2-Oct Figure 17. N Timing Blackout Test: Clipping tissue growth from 15 June-Oct. 2, 2009. Table 73a. N Timing: Turfgrass clipping yields. TRT 6/15/09 6/22 7/2 7/10 7/20 URE 15.6a 27.8a 46.2ab 36.8a 38.5b UXCU 14.1 a 23.2a 42.4b 33.1a 33.7b BS 8.Ob 11.9b 27.6c 30.Oa 34.2b PCU 7.8b 5.8b 10.1d 13.9b 21.4c XCU 10.5ab 21.9a 55.3a 41.1a 48.7a CHK 7.8b 3.9b 8.1d 8.2b 9.1d Signif. * ** ** ** ** * and ** =P<0.05 and P<0.01 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Table 73b. N Timing: Turfgrass clipping yields. TRT 8/6/09 8/21 9/3 9/18 10/2 URE 37.5b 36.8ab 13.8b 48.8b 34.6b UXCU 31.5b 34.8b 12.1b 43.5b 32.2b BS 35.2b 37.3ab 15.8b 48.8b 35.1b PCU 32.1b 48.5ab 27.9a 70.1a 53.6a XCU 51.4a 50.7a 18.5b 52.1b 35.1b CHK 8.8c 9.4c 3.9c 24.1c 14.2c Signif. ** ** ** ** ** ** and ns=P<0.01 and P>0.05 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 92 13 - '�5 Table 74c. N Timing: NO3-N leached(mg m-2 TRT 8/6/09 8/12 8/17 8/24 8/31 URE 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UXCU 9.5 2.5 41.1 13.4 38.8 BS 16.0 10.8 33.2 10.4 12.9 PCU 24.3 3.6 38.0 7.6 17.5 XCU 19.1 0.0 30.3 2.2 18.1 CHK 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Signif. ns ns ns ns ns ns=P>0.05 Table 74d. N Timing: NO3-N leached(mg m-2) TRT 9/4/09 9/7 9/11 9/14 9/21 URE 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 UXCU 1.64 2.0 31.2 31.5 14.3 BS 0.0 2.0 12.7 10.3 7.1 PCU 0.7 0.6 13.8 18.2 7.4 XCU 0.6 2.2 23.3 28.1 7.2 CHK 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Signif. ns ns ns ns ns ns=P>0.05 Table 74e. N Timing: NO3-N leached(mg m-2 TRT 9/28/09 10/6/09 TOTAL (6/8/09-10/6/09) URE 0.0 0.0 3111.2a UXCU 25.0 39.6 1596.4b BS 9.9 9.5 408.7bc PCU 8.0 10.7 307.4bc XCU 15.1 24.1 541.4bc CHK 0.0 0.0 20.5c Signif. ns ns ** ns and ** =P>0.05 and P<0.01 Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 94 2009 SUMMER BLACKOUT TEST: NITRATE LEACHING(mg/m2) 1200 1000-,'' 0 800 ' --SURE � UXCU a 600 , w BS pgw PCU 400 �{ --XCiU --o---CHK 200 a )p° )°� )� )p� )°� )°� )°� o°� "q oq, 0 � Q Q .Q eQ pQ ez h Dt� 0 Figure 19. N Timing Blackout Test: Nitrate Leaching from 8 June—October 6, 2009. 95 d— Monthly Average Precipitation Rates Vero Beach (30 years) 8 7 6 5 a� v � 3 2 1 p January February March April May JUne July August September October November December STRONG Urban Fertilizer Ordinances Pinellas County St. Petersburg Manatee County Bellaire Seminole Bradenton Bellaire Beach South Pasadena palmetto Bellaire Bluffs Tarpon Springs Bradenton Beach Bellaire Shore Treasure Island City of Anna Maria Clearwater Holmes Beach Dunedin Sarasota County Longboat Key Gulfport City of Sarasota Indian Rocks Beach Northport Charlotte County Indian Shores Venice Punta Gorda Kenneth City Longboat Key Largo City of Tampa Madeira Beach Lee County North Redington Beach City of Sanibel City of Naples Oldsmar City of Fort Myers Pinellas Park Fort Myers Beach City of Rockledge Redington Beach Bonita Springs Safety Harbor City of Cape Coral Martin County St. Pete Beach Town of Sewall's Point _ Town of Montverde Cn C� In Zoo8 the Tampa Bay Estuary Program estimated that in Hillsborough County alone, 50% compliance with a strong ordinance would keep 30 tons of Nitrogen out of Tampa Bay every year. How Much is 30 tons of Nitrogen ? Wastewater Treatment Plant (annual discharge) i. H. C. Dale Mabry Plant 10.2 tons 2. H . C. Northwest Regional Plant 8.q. tons 3. H.C. Van Dyke Plant o.8 tons H .C. South CountyPlant4 2.3 tons , 5. H .C. Valrico Plant io.6 tons Total: 32.3 tons From public presentation by Thomas M. Ash (July 2010) General Manager, Environmental Restoration, Water Management Division Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County 1n20o8 the Tampa Bay Estuary Program estimated that in Hillsborough County alone, 50% compliance with a strong ordinance would keep 30 tons of Nitrogen out of Tampa Bay every year. How Much is30 tons of Nitrogen ? Tampa Bay (Hillsborough County) Industries •1. Brewster Phosphogypsum 1.0 tons 92. Alpha/Owens Corning 1.0 tons 93. Coronet Industries 4.7 tons •4. Eastern Terminals 13.1 tons •5. Estech Agricola 2.6 tons •6. Exxon Mobil 1.7 tons •7. Kerry I&F Contracting 1.8 tons •8. Pebble Creek Utilities 0.4 tons •9.TECO Bayside 0.8 tons •10.Yara North America 0.3 tons Total: 27.4 tons From public presentation by Thomas M. Ash (July 2010) General Manager, Environmental Restoration Water Management Division Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County w Ernst: Experts agree that Sarasota's fertilizer law is good By Eric Ernst Published:Thursday,January 26,2012 at 3:55 Am• Sarasota County's fertilizer ordinance is once again under attack. Enacted in 2007, the local law intends to keep nitrogen and phosphate pollution from our waterways by requiring only slow-release fertilizers and by banning application from June through September. Consider the testimony of Michael "Mike J."Juchnowicz. His company, Gardenmasters of Southwest Florida Inc., has io,000-plus lawn-care customers from Collier to Manatee counties. Juchnowicz admits he had to scramble during the first year of Sarasota's new rules. He had to find suppliers with the right type of slow-release fertilizer, and he had to pay more for it. By the second year, however,things were running smoothly, he says. With his accounts, Juchnowicz sets prices based on the maintenance of vibrant lawns, not on how much fertilizer and pesticide he spreads. "People are results-oriented,"he says. "As long as the grass is healthy and green, you get no complaints." Meanwhile, his chemical costs dropped as production caught up with the market and national giants such as Scotts developed 50-50 slow release products they didn't have a few years ago. Plus,because of the summer ban and subsequent education of his customers, Juchnowicz says he now uses about 200 tons less fertilizer each year.And that's just in Sarasota County. "I don't want to sound like I'm a big tree-hugger,but I can see I make a visible impact on clean water in our community," he says. Sarasota's rules have also led to another discovery. Curtailing fertilization in the summer has an impact on fungus and insect problems, particularly in the popular St.Augustine turf. 13 � 53 Palmer Ranch has the documentation to prove it. In 2006,the lo,000-acre subdivision spent $96,00o replacing turf damaged by fungus. Fungus, as well as chinch bugs, feed on the type of growth spurred by excess nitrogen. Since then, Palmer Ranch has developed a sophisticated sampling system to measure nutrients not only in blades of grass but in the reclaimed water it uses for irrigation. The results, compiled monthly by a lab,fill binders two feet tall, says Rick Barth, president of the Master Property Owners Association. Those samplings, not some generic feeding schedule,determine how and when Palmer Ranch treats its landscape. "We let the turf tell us what it needs," Barth says. "We simply have recognized that overfertilization is one of the worst things you can do." By this year,turf replacement costs have dropped to practically nothing. Of course, not everyone can spend $35o a month to have lawn samples analyzed in a lab. But, the lessons from Palmer Ranch probably pertain elsewhere. If nothing else,they'd make good reading for any state legislator ready to sack Sarasota County's fertilizer ordinance. It's funny. Even if state action makes Sarasota's ordinance meaningless,both Palmer Ranch and Gardenmasters intend to carry on as if it were in force, because that's the smart thing to do. 13 - 5H Indian River Neighborhood Association, Inc. Statement to IRC Board of County Commissioners July 18, 2013 Regarding the Model Ordinance for the application of fertilizers With your Board's approval of the Model Ordinance now before you, you will be taking the leadership role for the restoration of our Lagoon. While the cities of Vero Beach and Sebastian and the Town of Indian River Shores have adopted the Model as put forth by the FL Department of Environmental Protection, the Model for your consideration benefits from specific language about enforcement, education and specific fertilizer requirements. With the County's working in cooperation with the three municipalities, major steps can begin for the protection of the Lagoon. Cooperation is called for because there are so many elements in the Model that should not be duplicated by each entity -- The training of commercial applicators The preparation and distribution of educational materials to property owners, And, of critical importance, The enforcement of the Ordinance's provisions. The Model before you anticipates the employment of an Environmental Enforcement Officer. Taking the enforcement lead should encourage the municipalities to follow suit. The County's enforcement officer will be in the position to advise and assist the cities and town in ways they too can assume this important function. Besides our supporting the added provisions about education and enforcement, the IRNA strongly supports the additions to the model about specific requirements about the applications of phosphates and nitrogen. Their inclusion greatly adds to the clarification of the regulations for the general public, although additional educational materials will be necessary to make the requirements entirely understandable. We urge your adoption of this Ordinance and congratulate you on your leadership. (3 -55 County and municipal urban fertilizer ordinances STRONGER than the FDEP Model Include rainy season application bans (4-months unless noted otherwise) Safety Harbor Sarasota County St Pete Beach City of Sarasota St Petersburg Northport Seminole Venice South Pasadena Longboat Key* Tarpon Springs Lee County Treasure Island City of Sanibel Manatee County City of Fort Myers Bradenton Fort Myers Beach Palmetto Bonita Springs Bradenton Beach City of Cape Coral City ofAnna Maria Holmes Beach Pinellas County Longboat Key* Bellaire Bellaire Beach Charlotte County Bellaire Bluffs Punta Gorda Bellaire Shore Clearwater Martin County Dunedin Sewall's Point(6-month) Gulfport Indian Rocks Beach City of Naples(in Collier County) Indian Shores Kenneth City City of Rockledge(in Brevard County) Largo Madeira Beach City of Tampa(in Hillsborough County) North Redington Beach Oldsmar Town ofMontverde(in Lake County)(z-month) Pinellas Park Redington Beach Orange COIInty(with commercial exemption) *Longboat Key is in both Sarasota and Manatee Without rainy season application ban but including other stronger provisions Hillsborough County Marion County City of Crystal River City of Wellington 13 -5 (o Bay Soundings I Tampa Bay's Science and Nature News Journal 7/8/13 10:58 AM Air Pollution Tops Other Sources of Contamination in Tampa Bay More than half the nitrogen entering Tampa Bay is coming from air pollution, primarily from cars and power plants,according to important research conducted by a regional team of scientists. The recently completed research,called the Bay Region Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment(BRACE), compiles data from a landmark multi-year study that involved scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,the University of South Florida,the Tampa Bay Estuary Program and other federal,state and local environmental agencies. The research quantified the sources and relative contributions of air pollution,also known as atmospheric deposition,to Tampa Bay. It also examined the potential effects of existing and proposed air quality regulations on nitrogen loadings to Tampa Bay. "It's a very complex study," said Lindsay Cross,environmental science and policy manager for the estuary program. "Atmospheric deposition comes from a wide variety of sources — including cars,power plants, fertilizer plants,airplanes,agricultural operations,lawn mowers,and even lightning. Determining where it comes from and how it gets to Tampa Bay was like a giant chemistry experiment." Overall,power plants and industries are responsible for the bulk of the air emissions in our area because they release emissions from tall stacks that travel great distances. However,emissions from automobiles and trucks have a larger impact locally, because those emissions are generated low to the ground. "Local mobile sources–including cars and trucks — have a disproportionate impact because they're generated closer to the ground and are less likely to be carried out of the watershed by wind," Cross said. Additionally,Cross said,a large portion of our air pollution comes from outside the Tampa Bay area,from an "airshed"that stretches north to Atlanta and south to Cuba. Along with identifying the impact of automobile emissions,key findings from BRACE include: • Atmospheric sources now account for four times as much nitrogen loading to Tampa Bay as discharges from municipal sewage treatment plants and industry combined. • About 17% of the nitrogen loading to Tampa Bay comes from direct deposition on the bay itself,while 40% comes from air pollution that falls on the watershed and is washed to the bay in stormwater. • Two-thirds of the nitrogen deposition is contained in dust particles; one-third comes with rainfall. Local and national regulations already are resulting in cleaner air. For example,local power plant upgrades, including replacing coal-burning plants with natural gas facilities and installing nitrogen reduction equipment on smoke stacks, resulted in a 95-ton per year decline in nitrogen between 2002 and 2012. If fully implemented by 2020,the federal Clean Air Interstate Rule — requiring 27 Eastern states to reduce pollution from both mobile and stationary sources — could bring about a 24% reduction in nitrogen deposition to Tampa Bay.And new federal standards for automobile fuel efficiency will lead to cleaner cars on our roadways in coming years. http://www.baysoundings.com/Printable/air-print.htmI Page 1 of 2 13 .5 � 1 � Bay Soundings I Tampa Bay's Science and Nature News Journal 7/8/13 10:58 AM Individuals play an important role in improving our air and water quality. How we drive, what we drive and how much we drive all impact our environment and our wallet.Getting out of our cars is becoming easier,as regional transit options are expanded through ridesharing,designated bicycle lanes,and improved bus rapid transit. Many of these initiatives are led by the Tampa Bay Area Regional Transit Authority (TBARTA). "There is a lot more discussion among elected officials and business leaders about transportation,from both an economic development perspective as well as the environmental issue," said Amy Ellis,TBARTA communications director. "Any of the alternatives to driving alone in a car is going to help reduce emissions that end up in Tampa Bay." Learn more: http://www.tbeptech.org/TBEP TECH PUBS/2012/TBSP 04 12 BRACE Public Document pdf, the Tampa Bay Estuary Program's citizen report on atmospheric deposition www.tampabayrideshare.or<_> for online ride-matching of carpoolers and bikers —plus the "guaranteed ride home"for emergencies www.getreadytampabay.org for more information about electric car charging stations in the region littp://baysoundings.com/fa1104/falIout.htm1,an earlier cover story about the BRACE report on atmospheric deposition http://www.baysoundings.com/Printable/air-print.htmI Page 2 of 2 1?- 58 • i�,, t S v :ash n p _ � lerit r UrbanLaw, ;j r fi 2, Alld r, „. �� ,c1'!u►Stier,PhD,Assoeaate Dean, College o�'�lgracuLture anYL N,aturad I{esouries, Tke�nir�ersYty of Tennesseg�,�o�tgTa �'�� * ' AssutanE Professor,;Delbt of SoaL Sc%enae, �TnzV rsaty of Tfi�ucdy san,Toro gain les,P&D r Pra essor,Dej#�t�f' att SCu�tr s ' e. Unirtersity of Mn and John Sorocfisn,PhwD:,Assocaute Professor,Dept. of Plant Sciences, The,iUniuersi�t of Tennessee protection of second-greatest amounts of man- The need for fertilizer groundwater aged turf,respectively.There are an Soils in which turfgrasses are maintain- and surface estimated 70 million detached single- ed seldom provide enough nitrogen waters from nutrient contamination family homes nationwide (U.S.Census (N)and may lack adequate phosphorus is an environmental issue and public Bureau 2010). If the average home- (P) or potassium (K)to support healthy concern.Specifically,nitrate (NO3) lawn size ranges from 1/4 to 1/3 acre, lawns.As a result,supplemental gran- and phosphates (HPO4, 112PO4) this represents about 17.5 to 23 ular or foliar applications of fertilizer continue to receive much attention. million acres. containing N, P and/or K are often. Urbanization results in more and con- Lawns are a highly visible and very recommended.These three essential nected, impervious surfaces (roads, important component of an urban mineral nutrients vary in ionic,plant- parking lantparking lots,rooftops),fewer pervious environment.When properly sited, available form and movement within ground covers (forests and fields),less designed, installed and managed, soils (Table 1).A basic soil test per- water infiltration and greater runoff. they form a dense, perennial and formed in a soil-testing laboratory will As the volume of runoff increases,the erosion-resistant vegetative cover determine soil phosphorus,potassium .potential for pollution of surface waters capable of absorbing carbon dioxide and pH levels.Fertilization and liming with nutrients,sediments and other and water at low mowing heights. guidelines based on soil-test results most They also generate oxygen, cool often accompany the soil test results. compounds also increases. In 2005,based on satellite imagery, the air in summer, trap dust and Many people believe that lawn total turf area in the U.S.was estimated organic compounds (which are then fertilization contributes substantially to be 40.3 million+9.6 million acres degraded by soil microorganisms) to nutrient runoff in urban areas. Q4,ilesi et al.2005).Lawns and road and contribute organic matter to This perception has led to proposals sides account for the greatest and the soil. to limit inputs and reduce the size 301 VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL September/October 2012 www.vaturf.org ��f TF Y P of lawns. In an effort to reduce the plied N within 48 hours following grasses,runoff was reduced three- amounts of suspended solids and nu- application (Bowman et al. 1989). fold when infiltration increased trients in urban runoff and to comply as shoot density increased in with the U.S.Clean Water Act,some •According to sales data, Scotts response to fertilization (Easton states and municipalities have enacted Miracle-Gro estimates that about and Petrovic 2004). legislation restricting lawn fertiliza- 50%of U.S.homeowners fertilize tion.For example,in 2005,Minnesota the lawn (Augustin 2007). On •Returning clippings to the lawn became the first state to ban most turf average, the number of annual as it is mowed does not appear to applications of P-containing fertilizers. fertilizer applications of about 50 contribute to P runoff(Bierman Michigan,North Carolina,Virginia, lbs.N per acre per application was et al, 2010). Washington and Wisconsin have,or 1.8, including an estimated 10 are considering,enacting similar bans. million lawns receiving profes- •Surface roughness coefficients In January 2011,New Jersey passed sional lawncare treatments.This are commonly used by civil engi- the most restrictive law (The New frequency of application of N is neers to predict the potentialof Jersey Fertilizer Law,A2290) to date, much lower than that usually rec- surfaces to contribute to overload limiting applications of both N and P ommended by most University water flow.High coefficient values to lawns. Extension turf professionals. reflect a potential for less runoff. According to research conducted In a simulated rainfall experiment, within the last 20 years,stormwater run • In 1999,it was estimated that the pavement had a low roughness , off from a healthy,dense lawn growing atmosphere deposits 0.36 lbs.P per coefficient (about 0.01);Short on soils of even moderate compaction acre per year (UN Environment grass prairie,a value of 0.15;and and slope rarely occurs.In all but very Programme 1999). both bluegrass and bermuda- intense rainfall occurrences,stormwater grass sod,a value of about 0,4 runoff from a healthy,dense lawn is at •In Wisconsin,a conventionally (Engman 1986). or near zero.Most notable exceptions recommended lawn fertilization include 1) very steep slopes,2) satu- program of 130 lbs.N per acre •Most or all of the runoff from rated or 3) frozen soils and 4) severe per year,using a 27:1.3 N:P ferti- lawns can occur when soils are soil compaction. lizer,.would supply 6.2 lbs. P per frozen or saturated (Kussow 2008; acre per year.Researchers at the Steinke et al. 2007).A study eval- A research summary University of Wisconsin (Soldat uating the effect of prairie and This summary is based on a much more and Petrovic 2008) found a range turf buffer strips on runoff from comprehensive article by Drs.Stier and of 0 to 17 lbs.P per acre per year concrete slopes revealed that a Soldat,titled"Lawns as a Source of reported in turf field-plot research vegetative buffer twice the size of Nutrient Runoff in Urban Environ- projects,with typical losses from the sloped (5%) concrete area ments," published in the Fall 2011 established turf of about 0.4 lbs. reduced annual runoff by more issue of the Watershed Science Bulletin, P per acre per year.This com- than 60%, compared to a 1:1 journal of the Association of Watershed pares to annual P losses from concrete-to-buffer design (Steinke and Stormwater Professionals (the native prairies of about 0.18 lbs. et al. 2007). However, the 1:1 references cited below are listed on P per acre,from conventionally concrete-to-buffer design was page 34). tilled agricultural systems of about effective,allowing less than 1.5% 1.69 lbs.P per acre and from con- of precipitation to run off during •According to a three-year struction sites of more than 11.5 non-frozen conditions.Most of study conducted in the area of lbs.P per acre (Daniel et al. 1979; the runoff from both prairie and Baltimore,Maryland,N deposits Sharpley 1995). turf plots occurred when soils from the atmosphere averaged were frozen,at which time runoff 10 lbs.per acre,compared to 12.8 • In many cases,runoff is reduced totals for both types of vegetation lbs. per acre from fertilizers, as as the stand density of a lawn were similar. potential inputs to the watershed increases.The contiguous mass (Grollman et al. 2004). or matrix of aerial shoots of turf- • Many naturalized areas in a home grass plants creates a"tortuous landscape have a rough texture • Kentucky bluegrass and peren- pathway,"slowing the flow of water and are capable of retaining pre- nial ryegrass are able to absorb and allowing greater infiltration cipitation.A properly designed 70% to 80% of an application of (Linde et al. 1995;Kussow 2008). and sized, bermed rain garden 50 lbs.soluble N per acre within In one investigation conducted (flat-bottomed depression planted 24 hours and almost all of the ap- on a mixture of cool-season turf- with trees,shrubs and native veg Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council 3 l s'" u ?"" Applied Research'continued Table •• and Relative Soil MobilityPlant Mineral Nutrients. loam soil with a 5% slope was intentionally compacted using a Ionic Form(s) vibratory roller before an addi- tional 3 inches of silt loam topsoil Nutrient Symbol AbsorbeYBy Plants . .ility in Soil was placed on top of the com- pacted area and either tilled or Nitrogen N NH4',NO3 NH4'Immobile; left in a layer before seeding NO3 Mobile Kentucky bluegrass.By year two Phosphorus P HPO HPO 2 Mainly Immobile of the study,runoff amounts from P 2 4 4 Y both compacted and non-com- Potassium K K+ Somewhat Mobile pacted plots were similar (e.g.,1.2 to 1.5 inches of runoff annually Calcium Ca Ca t+ Mainly Immobile from 25.2 total inches of annual precipitation). Magnesium Mg Mgt+ Immobile • Core aerification of established Sulfur S SO42• Very Mobile turfgrasses growing in compacted r soils can improve the speed at Micronutrient which water moves into soil i (Partsch et al. 1993;Stier 2000). BoronB B033- Mobile The growth of turfgrass roots, freezing and thawing of soil and Chlorine Cl Cl- Mobile the activity of soil macro-organisms, Copper Cu Cu + Immobile including earthworms,can also PP improve infiltration (Easton et Iron Fe Fee+, Fe3+ Immobile al.2005). Manganese Mn Mn2+ Mobile •The loss of sediment from healthy lawns is often very low(Soldat and Molybdenum Mo Mo042- Somewhat Mobile Petrovic 2008) and is unrelated to the level of P in soil unless it is Zinc Zn Zn2+ Immobile unusually high (Soldat et al.2009). The small but consistent level of Soil texture,structure,pH,clay type and organic-matter content influence nutrient retention and/ soluble P in runoff waters from or plant availability in soil (Roberts 2000). For example,sandy soils usually hold fewer nutrients turf probably originates from plant and have higher water-infiltration rates than soils high in clay(e.g.,clay,clay loam,sandy clay tissue (Soldat et al.2009). and silty clay).The availability(solubility)of boron,copper,iron,manganese,phosphorus and zinc for uptake by plants is reduced in soils having a very high pH.Ctther nutrients(including calcium, •When reactive P loss from unfro- magnesium,potassium and sulfur)are readily available for plant uptake from soils with a high pH. zen turf fertilized for three years Montmorillonite clay is capable of holding more nutrient cations(positively charged ionic form) with a high P:N (1:2)fertilizer was than illite or kaolinite.The nutrient-holding capacity of a soil most often increases as the organic- compared to reactive P loss from matter content increases. unfrozen turf receiving a low P:N (1:27)fertilizer,a K:N fertilizer and etation) or turf swale can intercept and Waddington 1999). The no fertilizer annually,a significantly flowing water before it reaches researchers noted that the condi- greater reactive P loss (0.1 lb.P per an impervious surface (Asleson tion,structure and history of a soil acre) from turf receiving the high et al.2007;Schneider 2007). are largely a function of construe- P:N fertilizer occurred in the first tion practices before planting. year only(Bierman et al.2010).In •Soil compaction may contribute the second and third years of the to runoff.A study of 15 lawns in • Recent research in an upper Mid- study,reactive P losses from non- central Pennsylvania revealed that west lawn demonstrated that,in fertilized turf were greater than a'soil's condition,structure and some cases and over time, the those from any of the fertilized history may be more likely to af- effect of pre-plant soil compaction turfs.The researchers attributed feet water infiltration rates in lawns on the rate of water infiltration this increase to limited density and than the texture (percent sand, may be less of a problem than higher runoff volumes compared silt and clay) of the soil (Hamilton perceived (Kussow 2008).A silt to fertilized turfs. 32 ",VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL September/October 2012 www.vaturf.org �3 - � � e . . Bierman, P.M., B. P. Horgan, C.J. Linde, D. T.,T. L. Watschke,A. R.Jarrett, •o • •, • Rosen,A. B. Hallman, and P. H. Pagliari. and J. A. Borger. 1995. Surface runoff • . • • • 2010. Phosphorus runoff from turfgrass assessment from creeping bentgrass and . • . , as affected by phosphorus fertilization perennial ryegrass turf.Agronomy Journal • ••- and clipping management.Journal of 87:176-182. ®.• •. Environmental Quality 39:282-292. •• • • • • Milesi, C., S.W. Running,C. D. Elvidge, e •- , • , Bowman, D. C.,J. L. Paul, and W. B. J. B. Dietz, B. T. Tuttle,and R. R. Nemani. Davis. 1989. Nitrate and ammonium 2005. Mapping and modeling the • uptake by nitrogen-deficient perennial biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses • .- _ ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass turf. in the United States. Environmental • • ,, -, -, • - , Journal of the American Society for Management 36:426-438. • Horticultural Science 114:421-426. • Partsch, C. M.,A. R.Jarrett,and T. L. •• ,- , , Daniel,T. C., P. E. McGuire, D. Stoffel, Watschke. 1993. Infiltration characteristics ® , and B. Miller. 1979. Sediment and nutrient of residential lawns. Transactions of the ® • yield from residential construction sites. American Society of Agricultural and • , - •, , Journal of Environmental Quality 8:304-308. Biological Engineers 36:1695-1701. • • ,, . Easton,Z. M., and A. M. Petrovic. 2004. Schneider,J. 2007. Urban rain gardens Fertilizer source effect on ground and for controlling stormwater runoff and ® • • .•• surface water quality in drainage from increasing groundwater recharge.MS _• •. turfgrass.Journal of Environmental Quality thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison. • 33:645-655. • • Sharpley,A. 1995. Identifying . , Easton,Z.M.,A. M. Petrovic, D.J. Lisk, sites vulnerable to phosphorus loss • . and I.-M. Larsson-Kovach. 2005. Hillslope in agricultural runoff.Journal of • • . • • position effect on nutrient and pesticide Environmental Quality 24:947-951. runoff from turfgrass. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal Soldat, D.J., and A.M. Petrovic, 2008. 10:121-129. The fate and transport of phosphorus in turfgrass ecosystems. Crop Science Engman, E.T. 1986. Roughness 48:2051-2065. References coefficients for routing surface runoff. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Soldat, D.J.,A.M. Petrovic,and Q. Engineering 112:39-53. Ketterings. 2009. Effect of soil phosphorus Asleson,B. C., R. S. Nestingen,J. S. levels on phosphorus runoff concentrations Gulliver, R. M. Hozolski and J. L. Nieber. Groffman, P.M., N. L. Law, K. T. Belt, L. from turfgrass.Journal of Water,Air and 2007.The development and application E. Band,and G.T. Fisher. 2004. Nitrogen Soil Pollution 199:33-44. oa four-level rain garden assessment fluxes and retention in urban watershed methodology.Anthony Falls Laboratory ecosystems. Ecosystems 7:393-403. Steinke, K.,J. C. Stier,W. R. Kussow,and Engineering, Environmental,Biological, A.Thompson. 2007. Prairie and turf buffer and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Project Hamilton,G.W.,and D. V.Waddington. strips for controlling runoff from paved Report No. 501. University of Minnesota. 1999. Infiltration rates on residential lawns surfaces.Journal of Environmental Quality in central Pennsylvania.Journal of Soil and 36:426-439. Augustin, B. 2007. Perception vs. reality: Water Conservation 54:564-568. Wow much nitrogen do homeowners put Stier,J.C. 2000. Lawn establishment and their lawn? Paper presented at the Kussow, W. R. 2008. Management renovation. Extension Bulletin A3434. ual meeting of the American Society practices affecting nitrogen and soluble Madison,WI: University of Wisconsin. Agronomy,Crop Science Society phosphorus losses from an Upper Mid- America,and Soil Science Society west lawn. In: The fate of nutrients and U.N .Environment Programme. 1999. America,New Orleans, Louisiana, pesticides in the urban environment, vol. Planning and management of lakes and ember 4-8. 997,ed.M.Nett,M.J.Carroll,B. P. Horgan, reservoirs: An integrated approach to and A. M. Petrovic, 1-18.Washington, eutrophication. International Environmental DC:American Chemical Society. Technology Centre Technical Publication 1 1. Paris,France: UN Environment Programme. I Turfg.rass Research Videos i IFAS Research 7/8/13 10:51 AM a public meeting in Citra,where much of the footage was shot. The video includes a question-and-answer session with the scientists, and comments from Andy Rackley, director of agricultural environmental services for FDACS. Several researchers mentioned that their findings raised new questions and pointed out the need for additional research on topics including the use of biosolids and other organic nitrogen sources,the use of reclaimed water,turfgrass phosphorus requirements, and the effects of summertime fertilizer bans. "We're in some conversations with DEP(the state Department of Environmental Protection)still about moving forward with some additional data analysis," Unruh said. He also noted that the results suggest OF/IFAS' nutrient recommendations for zoysiagrass may need to be modified, but any changes to those nutrient recommendations must come about through a vetting process by the Plant Nutrient Oversight Committee, a team of administrators and scientists who review all nutrient recommendations from UF/IFAS. Extension personnel will be trained to help them communicate the findings to homeowners and there may be additional public workshops,Trenholm said. Homeowners with unhealthy lawns should contact county extension personnel to discuss the problem and not automatically assume that fertilizer is needed, Cisar said. "If you have a lawn that's in bad shape, it makes sense to ascertain why,"he said."It may be that the grass needs fertilizer but it could be something else, like a lack of proper irrigation, proper mowing height,or the grass isn't getting enough light." +I Feedback http://research.ifas.ufl.edu/communications/turfgrass-research-videos Page 2 of 2 13 -(a9 INDIAN RIVER LAGOON COALITION SUPPORTERS 06/29/2013 MUNICIPALITIES 31. Visiting Nurses Association of the Treasure 1. City of Fellsmere Coast Inc. 2. City of Sebastian 32. Youth Guidance Mentoring Program 3. City of Vero Beach 4. Indian River County Board of County Commissioners 5. Town of Orchid 6. Town of Indian River Shores BUSINESS/PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Adventure Kayaking 1. Anglers for Conservation 2. Alex MacWilliam Inc. Real Estate 2. Audubon Florida 3. American Institute of Architects (AIA)- 3. Center for Spiritual Care Treasure Coast Chapter 4. Environmental Learning Center 4. Aquatic Research and Communication 5. Eugenia Chapter of the Florida Native Plant 5. Atlantic Financial Services Society 6. Banov Architecture PA & Banov Construction 6. Every Dream Has A Price 7. Best Industries, Inc. 7. Florida Oceanographic Society 8. Brandt's Appliance Service, Inc 8. Friends of the St. Sebastian River 9. Brewer International, Inc. 9. Garden Club of Indian River County 10. Capt Hiram's 10. Indian Riverkeeper 11. Central Window of Vero Beach 11. Indian River Community Foundation 12. Chelsea's On Cardinal 12. Indian River Land Trust 13. Citrus Grillhouse 13. Indian River Neighborhood Association 14. Classic Car Wash 14. Keep Indian River Beautiful 15. Climatic Solar Corp. 15. Main Street Vero Beach 16. Coastal Tech Corp, Inc. 16. Mangrove Garden Foundation 17. Dean Wellness Institute 17. Marine Resources Council 18. Don Smith's Paint Store 18. Ocean Research and Conservation Association, 19. Don Wright Real Estate, LLC Inc. 20. East Coast Lumber Company 19. Partnership for a Sustainable Future, Inc. 21. El Prado 20. Pelican Island Audubon Society 22. Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Science, Inc. 21. Save Our Shores 23. Fantastic Finds 22. Sebastian Charter Jr. High Faculty/Staff 24. Father and Sons Carpet 23. Sebastian Charter Jr. High PTSO Board 25. French Quarter Restaurant 24. Sebastian Fishing Club 26. Harbor Shell 25. Sierra Club-Turtle Coast Group 27. Healthway of Vero Beach 26. Sustainable Indian River, Inc. 28. J& G Organics 27. Treasure Coast Progressive Alliance 29. Joey's Seafood Shack 28. Vero Beach Choral Society 30. Kirschner's Lawn and Landscape 29. Vero Beach Ducks Unlimited Chapter 31. Larry Landsman, MD, PA 30. Vero Beach Power Squadron 32. Laura Lee Furniture 33. Lemon Tree Restaurant 34. Mary Mack Cleaning Service 35. Moor&Associates Architects ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 36. Past and Present Interiors 1. Brown University Club of Treasure Coast 37. Patty's Printing, Inc. 2. Dartmouth Club of Vero Beach 38. Perkins Indian River Pharmacy 3. Harvard Club of Vero Beach 39. Petite Shop 4. Princeton Club of Vero Beach 5. Smith College Club of the Treasure Coast 40. Pomodoro Grill 6. Vassar Club of Vero Beach 41. Professional Outfitters 7. Yale Club of the Treasure Coast 42. Quality 1 st Plumbing, LLC 43. Re/Max Beach and Beyond 44. Sea Turtle Toys 45. Shells and Things, LLC SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS 46. Sunshine Furniture 1. Exchange Club of Indian River 47. Surlaterrre Landscape Architecture 2. Exchange Club of Vero Beach 48. Tropical Kayak Tours 3. Kiwanis Club of Vero-Treasure Coast 49. Vascular Interventional and Vein Associates 4. Rotary Club of Vero Beach Sunrise 50. Vero Beach Book Center 51. Vero Commercial Management 52. Vero Heritage Inc. 53. Wellness Center 54. Wild Properties, Inc. 55. Will's 55 Restaurant 56. Wire Wheels Classic Sports Cars, Inc. PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATIONS/CLUBS 1. Moorings Yacht and Country Club 2. Pebble Bay Homeowners Association 3. Peppertree Homeowners Association 4. Roseland Community Association 5. Sea Oaks Property Owners Association 6. Sebastian Property Owners Association 7. South Beach Property Owners Association 8. Vero Isles Association, Inc. FAITH BASED ORGANIZATIONS 1. Christ By the Sea United Methodist Church 2. Indian River Ministerial Association 3. Social Justice Committee of the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Vero Beach 13 �� i I _ I `-USGS Release: Decades-old Nitrate Found to Affect Stream Water Quality (5/7/2013 8:31:59 AM) USGS hydrologic researchers have found that the movement of nitrate through groundwater to streams can take decades to occur. This long lag time means that changes in the use of nitrogen-based fertilizer (the typical source of nitrate) — whether the change is initiation, adjustment, or cessation — may take decades to be fully observed in streams, according to a recent study published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology. Water quality experts have been noting in recent years that nitrate trends in streams and rivers do not match their expectations based on reduced regional use of nitrogen-based fertilizer. The long travel times of groundwater discharge, like those documented in this study, have previously been suggested as the likely factor responsible for these observations. "This study provides direct evidence that nitrate can take decades to travel from recharge at the land surface to discharge in streams," said Jerad Bales, acting USGS Associate Director for Water. "This is an important finding because long travel times will delay direct observation of the full effect of nutrient management strategies on stream quality." Rivers and streams are fed by both groundwater held in underground aquifers and surface water from precipitation runoff. In low streamflow conditions, groundwater sources take a larger role. In this study, USGS scientists closely examined surface and ground waters at seven study sites from across the nation to determine the portion of stream nitrate derived from groundwater. They found that most of the nitrate observed in streams located in groundwater-dominated watersheds was derived from groundwater sources. To determine the time it takes groundwater to reach a stream in a groundwater- dominated watershed, an age dating tracer study was conducted in the Tomorrow River in central Wisconsin. The findings indicated that decades-old nitrate-laden water was currently discharging to this stream. Consequently, base flow nitrate concentrations in this stream may be sustained for decades to come, regardless of current and future practices. The slow release of groundwater nitrate to streams may also affect the water quality of large rivers. For example, increases in nitrate concentrations during low and moderate flows in large rivers in the Mississippi River Basin have been observed to i 4 { i I i ` I 'be greater than or comparable to increases in nitrate concentrations during high flows. (See USGS website, Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 20o8.) These findings also suggest that increasing nitrate concentrations in groundwater are having a substantial effect on nitrate concentrations in rivers and nitrate transport to the Gulf of Mexico. Because nitrate moves slowly through groundwater to rivers, the full effect of management strategies designed to reduce nitrate movement to these rivers may not be seen for many years. Citation "Vulnerability of Streams to Legacy Nitrate Sources" Anthony J. Tesoriero, John H. Duff, David A. Saad, Norman E. Spahr, and David M. Wolock Environmental Science &Technology; April 16, 2013 Learnmore • USGS Circular 1�50: Nutrients in the Nation's Streams and Groundwater • Nitrate in the Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, lg8o to 2oo8• Are We Making Progress? (USGS) • Article and supplemental material in Environmental Science &Technology • Nutrient Flux for the Mississippi River Basin and Sub-basins (USGS) r 5 13 , � g EPA Chesapeake Bay Program-Report 2013 1 Hot Topics I Turfgrass Producers International 7/8/13 10:56 AM Find LIS On Facebook USER NAME PASSWORD NOT A MEMBER?JOIN TPI > Site Search eNEWS&UPDATES SEF,.D WITH CONFIDENCE Sign up to receive the the NE)NIARK latest news and updates Enter your email Home Hot Topics EPA Chesapeake Bay Program-Report 2013 HOT TOPICS Harvester For Sale Contact:Bill at 302-462-0186 or bradford@whriandscape.com EPA Chesapeake Bay Program - Report (admin0910) Biodearadabfe Sad 2013 Contact:860-434.9668 (WOOD)Fax: 60-434-1371 or rachel@ewhannas.com CONCLUSION -"A dense vegetative cover :rwww.ewhannas.corn (admm091O) of turfgrass on a lawn reduces pollution and C runoff." -EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Final Report 2013 EAST DUNDEE,IL—June 14,2013 TPI summer Convention &Field Days According to a recent report released by the Chesapeake 0 Registration Now Openl Stormwater Network,more than 3.5 million acres of urban eTN TPI Midwinter Conference pervious lands exist in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Thank you for making our comprising nearly 10%of its total area and a good part of that Midwinter Conference a big land cover is comprised of both fertilized and un-fertilized success! turfgrass.The question is-were the original approved definitions of Urban Nutrient Management proposed by the Chesapeake Bay Program ambiguous and justified? Let's begin by turning back the clock to March 2011 when a report No Active Survey at this time, by Environmental Maryland titled, "Urban Fertilizers and the EPA-Chesapeake Chesapeake Bay Program-Report ec,, turf' Chesapeake Bay.,An Opportunity for Major Pollution TPI Membership Due Renewal) MIDWEST INC. Reduction",detailed the harmful effects of lawn fertilizer on the Chesapeake Bay and concluded that to reduce pollution for lawn Experience TPI 2013 VIDEO fertilizer,lawmakers needed to take two broad steps:limit the Children&Synthetic Turf,Health amount and type of nutrients in the fertilizer itself,and ensure that a experts discuss children's health and homeowners and lawn care companies apply less fertilizer to the irtificial playing surfaces ground. Prior to,and well after the report was released,concerned citizens,local law makers,environmentalists,community activists, etc.,all with the best of intentions expressed their concern and the need for stronger restrictions or the discontinued use of lawn fertilizers all together. But wait!More than a few heads turned last winter when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program pulled together a"panel of experts"to look at lawns,lawn care and the impact lawns have on water quality in the Chesapeake Bay.Their approved final report, "Recommendations of the Expert Panel to Define Removal Rates for Urban Management",that was prepared by Tom Schueler and Cecilia Lan of the Chesapeake Stormwater Network revealed some interesting conclusions including--Lawn fertilization is actually good for water quality. The"panel of experts"was comprised of a diversified group including: -Jonathan Champion,District Department of the Environment- Stormwater, Watershed Protection Division,District of Columbia I http://www.turfgrasssod.org/publisher/hot—topics/2013/6/18/epa—chesapeake—bay—program--report-2013 Page I of 4 13 . ( I • EPA Chesapeake Bay Program-Report 2013 i Hot Topics I Turfgrass Producers International 7/8/13 10:56 AM was one thing,the EPA saying it quite another matter. "The conventional'wisdom'up to this point and the attitude around EPA was that fertilizing your lawn was bad for water quality.In fact,the opposite is true.The research shows that a responsible program of lawn fertilization will actually improve water quality in the Bay. "The report's data show that,on the whole,lawns in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are under fertilized,with 50 percent receiving no fertilizer at all.Do-it-yourself 2 homeowners fertilize only an average of 1.7 times per season, while the report recommends three to four applications per year. Ninety-one percent of those who apply any fertilizer are do-it- yourselfers." Robertson went on to add,"...the good news for our industry is the report's first recommendation for Bay-friendly lawn care practices is for homeowners to"Consult with the local extension service office,certified plan writer or applicator to get technical assistance to develop an effective urban nutrient management plan for the property,based on soil test analysis. "Let me translate that:EPA is recommending that homeowners consult our industry to develop a plan to care for their lawns.Its second recommendation is what I believe is the summation of all the research on the topic of lawn care and water quality:Maintain a dense vegetative cover of turfgrass to reduce runoff,prevent erosion and retain nutrients. "The research demonstrates that dense vegetative cover helps to reduce surface runoff,which can be responsible for significant nutrient export from the lawn,regardless of whether it is fertilized or not.If a lawn does not have a dense cover,it has an elevated risk for nutrient export,especially if soils are compacted or slopes are steep.In these situations,the primary nutrient management practice is to identify the factors responsible for the poor turf cover,and implement practices to improve it(e.g.,tilling,soil amendments,fertilization or conservation landscaping)." Robertson when on to add,"To put this in clearer language, healthier lawns mean a healthier Chesapeake Bay.And if this isn't enough,the report recommends that fertilizer be applied in small doses over the season in three to four applications.The report then cites research that confirms that it's the practice of lawn care companies to apply fertilizer in four to five smaller applications over the course of the season." The report contains several common-sense recommendations under the title of Con:Urban Nutrient Management Practices for the Chesapeake Bay.They include the following: . Consult with the local extension service,master gardener or certified applicator to get technical assistance to develop an effective urban nutrient management plan for the property. . Maintain a dense vegetative cover of turf grass to reduce runoff,prevent erosion,and retain nutrients. . Choose not to fertilize,OR adopt a reduce rate/monitor approach OR the small fertilizer dose approach. . Retain clippings and mulched leaves on the yard and keep them out of streets and storm drains. 3 . Do not apply fertilizers before spring green up or after grass becomes dormant. . Maximize use of slow release N fertilizer during the active growing season. http://www.turfgrasssod.org/publisher/hot-topics/2013/6/18/epa-chesapeake-bay-program--report-2013 Page 3 of 4 �31� • EPA Chesapeake Bay Program-Report 2013 1 Hot Topics I Turfgrass Producers International 7/8/13 10:56 AM . Set mower height at 3 inches or taller. . Immediately sweep off any fertilizer that lands on a paved surface. . Do not apply fertilizer within 15 to 20 feet of a water feature (depending on applicable state regulations)and manage this zone as a perennial planting,meadow,grass buffer or a forested buffer. . Employ lawn practices to increase soil porosity and infiltration capability,especially along portions of the lawn that convey or treat stormwater runoff. If everyone associated in any way with the green industry, (i.e.,landscapers,landscape architects,sports field managers,golf course superintendents,green industry associations,turfgrass producers,etc.)helped to communicate these best management practices to homeowners,lawn care providers and fellow green industry professionals,the benefit to our environment would be immense,and it would have a positive impact on protecting the water quality of our rivers,lakes and streams worldwide. Click here for the pdf version Media Contact: Jim Novak Public Relations Manager Turfgrass Producers International 2 East Main Street East Dundee,IL,USA 60118 Phone:847-649-5555 or 800-405-8873 Fax:847-649-5678 E-mail:jnovak@TurfGrassSod.org Website: www.TurfGrassSod.org ; 4 eMail to a Friend Print Ardde '..f:.t �: !/.'1 ).i Fa\ �.. ). :1...i t .:I'� 1;.,4..1... ,..1i �. .1�'T' I I,. 1 i; ) _ , http://www.turfgrasssod.org/publisher/hot-topics/2013/6/18/epa-chesapeake-bay-program--report-2013 Page 4 of 4 13 - I "P, Bay Soundings I Tampa Bay's Science and Nature News Journal 7/6/13 10:58 AM Air Pollution Tops Other Sources of Contamination in Tampa Bay More than half the nitrogen entering Tampa Bay is coming from air pollution,primarily from cars and power plants,according to important research conducted by a regional team of scientists. The recently completed research,called the Bay Region Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment(BRACE), compiles data from a landmark multi-year study that involved scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,the University of South Florida,the Tampa Bay Estuary Program and other federal,state and local environmental agencies. The research quantified the sources and relative contributions of air pollution,also known as atmospheric deposition,to Tampa Bay. It also examined the potential effects of existing and proposed air quality regulations on nitrogen loadings to Tampa Bay. "It's a very complex study," said Lindsay Cross,environmental science and policy manager for the estuary program."Atmospheric deposition comes from a wide variety of sources — including cars,power plants, fertilizer plants,airplanes,agricultural operations,lawn mowers,and even lightning. Determining where it comes from and how it gets to Tampa Bay was like a giant chemistry experiment." Overall,power plants and industries are responsible for the bulk of the air emissions in our area because they release emissions from tall stacks that travel great distances. However,emissions from automobiles and trucks have a larger impact locally, because those emissions are generated low to the ground."Local mobile sources–including cars and trucks — have a disproportionate impact because they're generated closer to the ground and are less likely to be carried out of the watershed by wind,"Cross said. Additionally,Cross said,a large portion of our air pollution comes from outside the Tampa Bay area,from an "airshed"that stretches north to Atlanta and south to Cuba. Along with identifying the impact of automobile emissions,key findings from BRACE include: • Atmospheric sources now account for four times as much nitrogen loading to Tampa Bay as discharges from municipal sewage treatment plants and industry combined. • About 17% of the nitrogen loading to Tampa Bay comes from direct deposition on the bay itself,while 40% comes from air pollution that falls on the watershed and is washed to the bay in stormwater. • Two-thirds of the nitrogen deposition is contained in dust particles; one-third comes with rainfall. Local and national regulations already are resulting in cleaner air. For example,local power plant upgrades, including replacing coal-burning plants with natural gas facilities and installing nitrogen reduction equipment on smoke stacks, resulted in a 95-ton per year decline in nitrogen between 2002 and 2012. If fully implemented by 2020,the federal Clean Air Interstate Rule — requiring 27 Eastern states to reduce pollution from both mobile and stationary sources — could bring about a 24% reduction in nitrogen deposition to Tampa Bay. And new federal standards for automobile fuel efficiency will lead to cleaner cars on our roadways in coming years. http://www.baysoundings.com/Printable/air-print.htmI Page 1 of 2 13 - � 3 • Bay Soundings I Tampa Bay's Science and Nature News Journal 7/8/13 10:58 AM Individuals play an important role in improving our air and water quality. How we drive, what we drive and how much we drive all impact our environment and our wallet. Getting out of our cars is becoming easier,as regional transit options are expanded through ridesharing,designated bicycle lanes,and improved bus rapid transit. Many of these initiatives are led by the Tampa Bay Area Regional Transit Authority (TBARTA). "There is a lot more discussion among elected officials and business leaders about transportation,from both an economic development perspective as well as the environmental issue," said Amy Ellis,TBARTA communications director. "Any of the alternatives to driving alone in a car is going to help reduce emissions that end up in Tampa Bay." Learn more: http://www.tbeptech.org/TBEP TECH PUBS/2012/TBSP 04 12 BRACE Public Document pdf, the Tampa Bay Estuary Program's citizen report on atmospheric deposition www.tampabayrideshare.org for online ride-matching of carpoolers and bikers—plus the "guaranteed ride home"for emergencies www.getreadytampabay.org for more information about electric car charging stations in the region littp://baysoundings.com/faII04/fallout.html,an earlier cover story about the BRACE report on atmospheric deposition http://www.baysoundings.com/Printable/air-print.htmi Page 2 of 2 (3 . 1 � INDIAN RIVER COUNTY FERTILIZER ORDINANCE SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS to Key Sections Underline and strike-through apply to IRC draft as of July 10. Section 316.3. Timing of fertilizer application. No applicator shall apply fertilizers containing nitrogen and/or phosphorus to turf and/or landscape plants during the Prohibited Application Period, or to saturated soils. In addition, fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall not be applied to turf or landscape plants during the restricted application period, defined as June 1 to September 30. Section 316.4. Fertilizer free zones. Fertilizer shall not be applied within ten feet of any pond, stream, watercourse, lake, canal, or wetland as defined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code) or from the top of a seawall, uniess—ate neetar- shield�p spreader-, er- liquid appliea4ef with a visible and sharply defined edge, is used, iii whieh ease minimum of tree-fie t sha4l be ffiaii4ai . If more stringent Indian River County Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringent regulations. Newly planted turf and/or landscape plants may be fertilized in this zone only for a 60 day period beginning thirty days after planting if needed to allow the plants to become well established. Caution shall be used to prevent nutrients from being directly deposited into the water. Section 316.6. Fertilizer content and application rates. (a) No fertilizer containing phosphorous shall be applied to turf or landscape plants in Indian River County unless a soil or plant tissue deficiency is verified by a University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences approved testing methodology. In the case that a deficiency has been verified, the application of a fertilizer containing phosphorous shall be in accordance with the rates and directions provided by Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code. Deficiency verification shall be no more than 2 years old. However, recent application of compost manure or top soil shall warrant more recent testing to verify current deficiencies. (b) The nitrogen content of fertilizer applied to turf or landscape plants within Indian River County shall contain at least 50% slow release nitrogen per guaranteed analysis label. (-a) (c) Fertilizers applied to an urban lawn or turf within Indian River County shall be applied in accordance with requirements and directions set forth on the label or tag for packaged fertilizer products, or in the printed information accompanying the delivery of bulk fertilizer products, as provided by Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code, Labeling Requirements For Urban Turf Fertilizers. All packaged and bulk fertilizer products sold in Indian River County shall be sold in packages with labels or tags, or, if sold in bulk, be accompanied by printed information, which complies with the requirements of Rule 5E- 1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code. Without firm,.,-;,,n 1. .;s seet o shat p,.,,hibi+. 13 - 75 exeess of 1.0 ettad- 1 nnn feet 1 + > + ��ci-z-v v v-ic�aurczcc�vi-u�3rrcacrvrrurca--rvr-clue +h a4 +;„,e to eneatifage + gr-e,,;o'44hi--and,eflhazcethe Ri) Applie-afieii ef feffilizer- te an established ttfban lawma ef tuff whieh does net meet hes hate fn«+;lize f « (b) lew hes h„+e is fflizef hied as of .,;lable hes hate 1000 e foo+ „f v= applie-atien area p'e =dein; atfl +. ostablished „«h.,,, 1,,w « +„«f At . • vire time a4-cr13 ;ly ., .,;hale nitf 1 nnn f per- r- v v v-9c�crcrrcfZcc+z--vz ea4ef than ene-p6tifiC-Srteta nir+reRcigcr1000 squafe fecr+ vf rrca+ rvfl, afe; i3fe ided, hewey enzctes may be—e'nv'yo e ;f aze crssc a sarr e e o„+„+;, e of the 1.,,,,,, „«+„«f shews the need fee ., h; ho« 1; +' + «V�ILVJV11lUl1YV Vl 111V lawn 11 Vl lUll �i r[I�1TTC�CG� N (d) Fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall not be applied before seeding or sodding a site, and shall not be applied for the first 30 days after seeding or sodding, except when hydro-seeding for temporary or permanent erosion control in an emergency situation (wildfire, etc.), or in accordance with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for that site. ,+ be applied to +„«f e f 1 , sh«„h. , los., . ei or- +;ss,, , I— been «;f;e h, oa +os+ Section 316.9. Exemptions. The provisions set forth above in this chapter shall not apply to: (a) bona fide farm operations as defined in the Florida Right to Farm Act, § 823.14, Florida Statutes; (b) other properties not subject to or covered under the Florida Right to Farm Act that have pastures used for grazing livestock; (c) any lands used for bona fide scientific research, including, but not limited to, research on the effects of fertilizer use on urban stormwater, water quality, agronomics, or horticulture-i (d) golf courses when landscaping is performed within the provisions of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection document, 'Best Management Practices for the Enhancement of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses"; these provisions shall be followed when applying fertilizer to golf course practice and play areas,• 1 .3 (e) athletic fields at public parks and school facilities that apply the concepts and principles embodied in the Florida Green BMPs, while maintaining the health and function of their specialized turf areas; vegetable gardens owned by individual property owners or a community, and trees and shrubs grown for their edible fruit SCRIPPS TREASURE COAST Fe-r+ Ii 2er ori . PIPM OR NEWSPAPERS � Indian River Press Journal T 1801 U.S. 1, Vero Beach, FL 32960 PJ CPS AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLICATION RECEIVED JUL 1 1 2013 STATE OF FLORIDA COUNTYq-rTORNEY'S COUNTY OF INDIAN RIVER OFFICE Before the undersigned authority personally appeared,Sherri Cipriani,who on oath says that she is Classified Inside Sales Manager of the Indian River Press Journal,a daily newspaper published at Vero Beach in Indian River County,Florida:that the attached copy of advertisement was publshed in the Indian River Press Journal in the following issues below. Affiant further says that the said Indian River Press Journal is a newspaper published in Vero Beach in said Indian River County,Florida,and that said newspaper has heretofore been continuously published in said Indian River County,Florida,daily and distributed in Indian River County,Florida,for a period of one year next preceding the first publication of the attached copy of advertisement; and affiant further says that she has neither paid or promised any person,firm or corporation any discount,rebate,commission or refund for the purpose of securing this advertisement for publication in the said newspaper.The Indian River Press Journal has been entered as Periodical Matter at the Post Offices in Vero Beach,Indian River County,Florida and has been for a period of one year next preceding the first publication of the attached copy of advertisement. Ad Pub Customer Number Date Copyline Po# INDIAN RIVER CO ATTORNEY 2533347 7/8/2013 NOTICE OF INTENT 7-18-13 HEARING NEWSPAPER E-Sheet® LEGAL NOTICE ATTACHED ********************* DO NOT SEPARATE PAGES Swor to and subscrib d before me this day of, July 08, 2013, by 1 , who is ORIGINAL Sherri Cipriani [X] personally known to me or [ ] who has produced as identification. a Mary T. Byrne Notary Public MARY T BYRNE a Notary Public-State of FWW& ' My Comm.Expires Aug 2.201+ �r . Commission#►EE 7134 13 - 18 7 a e -7 3 12 SCRIPPS TREASURE COAST NEW i 'PERS MONDAY,JULY 8,2013 IR TCPALM.COM CLASSIFIED NOTICE OF NOTICE OF 'FORECLOSURE ADMINISTRATION REQUEST FOR BID NOTICE OF SALE NOTICE OF MEETING ACHILLE,Florid Bar DATE OF SERVICE specific types lily 8,15,2013 proceedings hickIs Florida Bar OFA COPY OF THIS amounts of c TCN2533249 made,which in- No.0013403 NOTICE ON THEM. required may elude.testimony on 00067599 NOS All ocher creditors' dent ra of twined from and evidence upon Notice to Persons the Decadent and fico of the which the appeal is O with Disabilities:If other persons having 7305 4th Sire based. you ere a person claims or demands Beach,Florida EOf MEETING N with a disability who gains[Decedent's Phone 772-562- Anyone who needs e weds any a«ammo- Estate must file their or by mail addressed NOTICE OF INTENT- special accommoda. dation in order to claims with this to the District at the PUBLIC HEARING tion for this meeting participate in this Court WITHIN 3 aforesaid address. must contact the proceed ng,you are MONTHS AFTER All bids shall be sub-NOTICE IS HEREBY County's Americans entitled,at no cost to THE DATE OF THE mitted in duplicate. GIVEN that the With Disabilities Act you,to the provision FIRST PUBLICATION Each bid shall be Bard of County IADA)Coordinator at of certain assistance. OF THIS NOTICE. s bmi"ad Ina seal- Coommissioners of 772.226-1223 at least L Please contact Corrie ALL CLAIMS NOT SO ad envelope ad- Indian River County, 48 hours in advance O Johnson,ADA Coor- FILED WITHIN THE dressed to Indian Florida,has sched- of the meeting. y dlnator,250 NW TIME PERIODS SET River Farms Water uled agStecial Call SuiteCount'217 Club St. 70337702 OFH IN CTION THE 4[h[rol Strreet,V7ero pose sof conductinr the g a COUNTY BOARD Our. INDIAN F Q I Lucie,FL 34986, FLORIDA PROBATE Beech,FL 32968,and Public Hearing and COUNTY le7a 807.4370 at CODE WILL BE FOR- shall bear the name considering adoption COMMISSIONERS leas[7 days before EVER BARRED. and address of the of a proposed ordi- JOSEPH E. Zile your scheduled court NOTWITHSTANDING bidder an the outside nance entitled: FLESCHER, appearance,or im. THE TIME PERIODS and the word.'Insu- CHAIRMAN medle[ely upon re- SET FORTH ABOVE, 'once Bid'. If for AN ORDINANCE Of 3 W` fi. ng this nobfrca- ANY CLAIM FILED warded by mail,the THE BOARD O F Pub:July 8,2013 O r tion if the time be. TWO(2)YEARS OR sealed envelope con. COUNTY COMMIS- TCN2533347 fore the scheduled MORE AFTER THE raining the bid mus[ SIONERS OF INDIAN U appearance is leas DECEDENT'S DATE be enclosed in a- RIVER COUNTY, than 7 days;if you O F D E A T H I S ther envelope ad- FLORIDA,AMEND. are hearing or voice BARRED. dressed to the afore. ING THE CODE OF f,. impaired,call 711. The date of first publi- mentioned address. INDIAN RIVER Treasure cation of this notice The District reserves COUNTY TO ESTAB. O Pub:July 8,15,2013 is July 1,2013. the right to delay LISH A NEW CHAP. Coast ' TCN2531328 Personal awarding of the con. TER 316,ENTITLED Repreaenmtive: tracts for a period of 'FERTILIZER AND Classifieds W Jennifer Darin St. sixty 1601 days after LANDSCAPE MAN- NOTICEOF the bidopening ,to AGEMENT;ADOP- C — 5201 Dunleigh Glen waive informalrt'es TING THE FLORIDA ADMINISTRATION Lane in any bid,or reject DEPARTMENT OF MAKE IN THE CIRCUIT Burke,Virginia any or all bids in ENVIRONMENTAL YOUR Q �, COURT FOR INDIAN" 22015-1627 whole or in part with PROTECTION MOD. L RIVER COUNT', Attorney for Personal or without cause an- EL ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA Representative: d/or to asap[the bid FLORIDA FRIENDLY ADVERTISER N z PROBATE DIVIFileNo.50 0 Hi hway ANA will serve the beet In- ONE URBAN LOF AND: ZER Z 312013CP000507 Suhe D torest of the District. SCAPES,WITH MI- DOLLARS Vero Beach,Florida No bidder may with- NOR MODIFICA. WORK IN ESTATE OF 32963 draw his bid within TIONS; MAKING Archie D.Fela.deau, Tel:(772)2345150 sixty(601 days afterFINDINGS AND PRO- FOR YOU Jr. Fax:(772)234-5231 the actual date of VIDING FOR SEVE. Deceased. FL Bar No.0041920 opening thereof. RABILITY,CODIFICA. NOTICE Pub:July 1TCN2531342 INDIAN RIVER FECTIVE DATE.8. 013 TION AND N EF. TO CflEDITOflS FARMS WATER tcpalm.com Q� COURT OF THE classified The administration of CONTROL DISTRICT The Public Nee ring Ile estate of Archie NINETEENTH By:David E.Gunter, l b e held a n D.falardeu,Jr.,da- JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN Secretary Thursday,July 18, O ceased,whose date AND FOR IND AN Pub:June 21,July 8, 2013 at 9:00 a.m.,in Nof death was May RIVER COUNTY, 2013 the County Commis- 1 in tnalcir�auiecoue FLORIDA TCN2527820 ad Chambers locet- PROBATE DIVISION ad n the first floor for In River CARE NO. f Building A of the Your County,Florida,Pro- 312013CP000605 County Administra- •' bate Division,the ad- 111 Complex,1801 dress of which is HONORABLE N0TICE OF SALE 27th Street,Vero ultimate L— ^^� O 2000 16th Avenue, ROBERT A.HAWLEY LEGAL NOTICE Beach,Florida 32960, I..L Vara Beach,Florida IN RE:ESTATE OF at which time inter. 1 �-s 32960.The nemea Bated parties may be source for _ end addresses of the THOMAS E.SLIVA OSLO ROAD STO R- heard with res ea to Q Deceased. AGE, 1755 Oslo p .sr personal represents. Road,Vero Beach, the proposed ordi. fobs, y� V Q •L live and the personal NOTICE Florida 32962,will nance. 1--• r.pr.a.mative's at- TO CREDITORS hold a private Bele The proposed ordi. Corney are set forth The administration of on Wednesday,July homes a) U below. the Estate of Thomas 10,2013,It 10:00 nance may be in- All creditors of the E.Sliva,Deceased, a.m.,to sell the prop- 'Pact.'W the public 1 Q '^ Q decedent and other whose date of death arty awned by the during regular busl- VJ persona having was April 17,2013,is following tenants un- nes.hours 18:30 Wheels& claims or demands pending in the Circuit leas the amount is a.m.to 500 D ., egoista[decedent's Court for Indian River paid in full before Monday through Fri- Stull actote on whom a day)at the Oftica f of this notice is County,Florida,Pro. the date f the sale. the Clerk to the a copy bate Division,the ad- Oslo Road Storage Board of Colin[ required to be dela of which is 2000 ..carves the right not Cam ssioners to served mutt fila their 16th Avenue,Vero to sell contents. Treasure claims with this court Beach,Florida 32960. UnitFMame/Contents cared on the 2nd WITHIN THE LATER 'The names and ad.604 Sherri Evans floor of Building A of Coast O F 3 MONTHS draws of the Per-Personal hems the County A1nn 1.,- AFTER THE TIME OF s'% Representative Pub:July 1,8,2013 tredve Dampl.x, Classifieds THE FIRST PUBLICA- and the Personal TCN2531360 1801 27th Street, TION OF THIS NO- qe resentetiva's et- Vero Beach,Florid.. TICE Ofl 30 DAYS p NOTICE OF PUBLIC ornay era set forth SALE:CHARLIE'S Anyone who waae� AFTER THE DATE OF below. TOWING Ives No wish to appeal any rreas.2 coast .aa SERVICE OFA COPY 8 y eis,,,Q manes All Credito ra of the ties of Foreclosure of decision which OF THIS NOTICE ON Decedent and other y saili.a ravr o) THEM. Lien and intent to be made et this . ase usms.aw. All other creditors of parsons having 9cleime II these vehicles on meeting will need to casaaaot wr 6e�plui theor dDecad nt, Estate ensure that.verba- ve"aa Tea`z mea'a.a M the decedent and at 55601 si St,Vero °sac rvlbt""s`an' rim record of the r other persons having whom a coDY of Beech,FL 32962- i claims or demands this notice la required 3624, ursu ant to i x against decedent': to be served must file p estate must file their their claims with this subsection 713.78 of M WITHIN with this sour, Cou[WITHIN THE the Florida Statutes. M 0 WITHIN 3 MONTHS LATER OF THREE Charlie's Towing AFTER THE DATE OF MONTHS AFTER r the right to M Q U Q THE FIRST PUBLICA- accept 11 id.. any '� TION OF THIS NO- THE TIME IC THE nGH54l NX3 FIRST PUBLICATION rQ0 N Z Z TICE. OF THIS NOTICE OR 1992 CHRYSLER 5049 ALL CLAIMS NOT SO THIRTY DAY 5 1882 CHRYSLER FILED WITHIN THE AFTER THE DATE Pub:July 8. N235 TIME PERIODS SET OF SERVICE OF A TCN2532983 /Lw L FORTH IN SECTION COPY OF THIS NO- NOTICE `^ 733.702 OF THE TICE ON THEM. OF PUBLIC SALE FLORIDA PROBATE PUBLIC NO71C E'is All other creditors of CODE WILL BE FOR- the Dewdant and oth- hereby given,that EVER BARRED. a persons having bag Inning on the L: ENOTWITHSTANDING clreiTo or demands date s enumerated THE TIME PERIOD against the Dec.. below,and continu. / SET FORTH ABOVE, dent's Estate mus[file ing from day to day, Z ANY CLAIM FILED their claim.with this until all goods are TWO 121 YEARS FTER OR court WITHIN THREE sold.We will all at - DECED NT'S DATE MONTHS AFTER thea hiC st bidder, O THE DATE OF THE g Security O F DEATH I S FIRST PUBLICATION for cash,at Shef BARRED. OF THIS NOTICE. Self Storage,the re- s /� ++ Th.looeof fthisstnotice ALL CLAIMS NOT SO lowing goods,wares y� FILED WITHIN TNT and merchandise for z Q ie July 1,2013. TIME PERIODS SET storage and other (1) FORTH733A1 IN SECTION harges]a whish s (n N O P...one 733.702 OF THE lien is claimed,to Q �^ fle ephenaIrish VJ FLORIDA PROBATE wk. All home below SPtyA...Irick CODE WILL BE FOR. are mise.household ar Fifty Acre Way EVER BARRED. Items,unless athar- Carlisle,MA01741 NOTWITHSTANDING ice specified. Anomey for Personal THE TIME PERIOD Security Selt Storage, •. Representative: SET FORTH ABOVE, 8485 20th St(SR 60), advertising. George Glenn ANY CLAIM FILED Varo Beach,FL E-Mail: TWO 121 YEARS OR 32866 go, ;rge.glenn MORE AFTER THE DATE OF SALE: July 5glennlew.com DECEDENT'S DATE 26,2013 TIME OF r . r r . I FL Bar No.334340 0 F DEATH 15 SALE:4:00 PM Law Office.of BARRED. A243 Kyle Chapman, percussion. George A.Glenn The data of first publi- 8296 Latricia Thomp- 2165 15th Avenue nation of this Notice Is eon Vero Beach,FL 32960 cJuly ation of A 550.00 par unit co iJ Phone(7721569-0442 leaning deposit will TCPaIm.LVm) Pub:July 1,8,.,T Personal be collected at the TCN2530184 Repres [.duos time of the sale and IN THE CIRCUIT Barbara A.Silva will be returned classifieds COURT FOR nJo 819 9...hland when dh cleans)are INDIAN RIVER Boulevard COUNTY,FLORIDA Vero Beach,FL 32963 IVISION iuxxmal �a ••-•7 PRO 31201D3CP 00572 CharlesyE eGa e.E.q. J( / Florida Bar No.218669 In Re:Estate of Charles E.Garris PA. B B i E LEN C 0 0 P E R 818 Beeach`and Blvd. a B j CP —r 12 SCRIPPS TREASURE COAST NEW •'PERS MONDAY,JULY B,2013 IR TCPALM.COM CLASSIFIED M ` NOTICE OF NaTICE DF FORECLOSURE. ADMINISTRATION NEOUEST FON BID NOTICE OFSALE NOTICE OF MEETING ACHILLE,ESQ DATE OF SERVICE specific types my 8,15,2013 proceedings Is Florida Bar OF A COPY OF THIS amounts of c TCN2533249 made,which in. e No.0013403 NOTICE ON THEM. required may cludes testimony 00067599 NOS All other creditors of twined from and evidence upon O Notice to Persons the Decedent and fice of the which the appeal is with Dieabllitles:If other persona having 7305 4th Stirs based. you are a parson claims or demands Beach,Florida EOF.MEETINO N with a disability who against Decedent's Phone 772-562• Anyone who needs s needs any socommo- Estate must file their or by mail addressed NOTICE OF INTENT• special ac.ommoda• dation in order to claims with this to the District at the PUBLIC HEARING tion for this meeting participate In this Court WITHIN 3 aforesaid address. must contact the proceeding,you are MONTHS AFTER All bids shall be sub•NOTICE IS HEREBY County's Americans entitled,at no cost to THE DATE OF THE mitted in duplicate. GIVEN that the With Disabilities Act you,to the provision FIRST PUBLICATION Each bid shall be Board iesof County (ADA)Coordinator at L of cenein assistance. OF THIS NOTICE. submitted in a seal- Com micners of 772-226-1223 at least Please contact Corrie ALL CLAIMS NOT SO ed envelope ad- Indian River County, 48 hours in advance o Johnson,ADA Coor- FILED WITHIN THE dressed to Indian Florida,has sched- of the meeting. dinator,250 NW TIME PERIODS SET River Farms Water uled a Special Call Q a Country Club Drive, FORTH IN SECTION Control District,7305 Meeting for the pur- INDIAN RIVER Suite 217,Port St. 733.702 OF THE 4th Street,Vero pose of conducting a COUNTY BOARD OF 1 Lucie, FL 34986, FLORIDA PROBATE Beach,FL 32968,and Public Hearing and COUNTY (772)807-4370 at CODE WILL BE FOR- shall bear the name considering adoption COMMISSIONERS I least 7 days before EVER BARRED. and address of the of a proposed ordi- JOSEPH E. your scheduled court NOTWITHSTANDING bidder on the outside nance entitled: FLESCHER, appearance,or im• THE TIME PERIODS and the words'Insu- CHAIRMAN mediagtely upon re- SET FORTH ABOVE, rance Bid'. If for.AN ORDINANCE OF LU ceiv1� 2013 Con�1 thethis timenotifibe- TWO(2)YEARS FILED OR sealedwarded envelope mail, con- COUNTY COMMIS- Pub:July T N2533347 0 IIS fore the scheduled MORE AFTER THE taining the bid must SIONERS OF INDIAN U Z appearance is less DECEDENT'S DATE be enclosed in an- RIVER COUNTY, than 7 days;if you OF DEATH IS other envelope ad. FLORIDA,AMEND- ?re hearing or voice BARRED. dressed to the afore. ING THE CODE OF impaired,call 711. The date of first publl- mentioned address. INDIAN RIVER Treasure cation of this notice The District reserves COUNTY TO ESTAB- ' O Pub:July 8,15,2013 is July 1,2013. the right to delay LISH A NEW CHAP. Coast TCN2531328 Personal awarding of the con. TER 316,ENTITLED Representative: tracts for a period of 'FERTILIZER AND Classifieds LL W Jennifer Dorm SL sixty(60)days after LANDSCAPE MAN- - t' NOTOF Clair the bid opening,to AGEMENT;'ADOP- NOTICE �+ ICE OFRATION; 5201 Dunleigh Glen waive informalities TING THE FLORIDA Lane in any bid,or reject DEPARTMENT OF MAKE cc .L INTHE CIRCUIT Burke,Virginia any or all bids in ENVIRONMENTAL �a•! Q IH COURT FOR INDIAN 22015-1627 whole or in pan with PROTECTION MOD- YOUR V 1 RIVER COUNTY, Attorney for Personal or without cause an- EL ORDINANCE FOR Q N O FLORIDA Representative: d/or to accept the bid FLORIDA FRIENDLY ADVERTISER 1 PROBATE DIVISION LEO W.DESMOND that,in its judgment, USE OF FERTILIZER File No.5070 Highway AIA will some the best In- ON URBAN LAND- DOLLARS 312013CP000507 Suite D terest of the District. SCAPES,WITH MI- Vero Beach,Florida No bidder may with. NOR MODIFICA- WORK IN ESTATE OF 32963 draw his bid within TIONS; MAKING Archie D.Falardeau, Tel:(772)234-5150 sixty(60)days after FINDINGS AND PRO- FOR YOU Jr. Fax:(772)234-5231 the actual date of VIDING FOR SEVE- Deceased. FL Bar No.0041920 opening thereof. RABILITY,CODIFICA- Pub:July 1,8.2013 TION AND AN EF- NOTICE TCN2531342 INDIAN RIVER FECTIVE DATE. tcpalm.com TO CREDITOflS IN THE CIRCUIT FARMS WATER P The administration of COURT OF THE CONTROL DISTRICT The Public Hearing classified the estate of Archie NINETEENTH By:David E.Gunter, w i l l be held on 0 D.Falardeau,Jr.,de- JUDICIAL EENTH IN Secretary Thursday,July 18, N ceased,whose date AND FOR INDIAN Pub:June 21,July 8, 2013 at 9:00 a.m.,in of death was May RIVER COUNTY, 2013 the County Commis- 11,2013,is pending FLORIDA TCN2527820 :ion Chambers locat. in the Circuit Court PROBATE DIVISION ed on the first floor for Indian River CASE NO. of Building A of the Your • County,Florida,Pro- 312013CP000605 County Administra- bate Division,the ad- HONORABLE tive Complex,1801 Cz dress of which is NOTICE OF SALE 27th Street,Vero ultimate ^y� 0 2000 16th Avenue, ROBERT A.HAWLEY - Beach,Florida 32960, Lj .e-+ IN RE:ESTATE OF LEGAL NOTICE Vero Beach,Florida at which time inter- (/ Q 32960.The names THOMAS E.SLIVA OSLO ROAD STOR- sated parties may be source for r..r and addresses of the Deceased. AGE, 1755 Oslo heard with respect to .E O '� personal representa- Road,Vero Beach, the proposed ordi- M-+ U nve and the personal NOTICE Florida 32962,will name. ,Obs representative's at. TO CREDITORS hold a private sale torney are set forth The administration of on Wednesday,July The proposed ordi• below, nance may be in homes Q (() Q the Estate of Thomas 10,2013,at 10:00 `'/^, All creditors of the E.Silva,Deceased, to sell the prop• epected by the public 1 decedent and other whoa.date of death a«y owned by Iha during regular busi• persons having was April 17,2013,is followingtenentsun- nesehours18:30 Wheels& claims or demands a.m.to 5:00 .m., pending in the Circuit Iesa the amount is against decedent's Court for Indian River paid In full before Monday throwg Fri- 1, estate th whom a County,Florida,Pro- the date of the sale. day)at the Office of stuff. copy of this notice is bate Division,the ad• Oslo Road Storage the Clerk to the required t o b e dress of which 1s 2000 reservea the right not Board of County served must file their 16th Avenue,Vero to sell contents. Commissioners lo- Treasure claims with this court cated on the 2nd Beach,Florida dad- 04 Sherri Evans WITHIN THE LATER The names end ad-604 Sherri Evans floor of Building A of Coast OF 3 MONTHS dresses of[he Per-Personal hems the Courtly Adminie- AFTER THE TIME OF sonal Repreaen[edva Pub:July 1,8,2013 trativa Complex, Classifieds THE FIRST PUBLICA- 1801 27th Street, and the Personal TN2531380 TION OF THIS NO• Vitro Beach,Florida. TICE OR 30 DAYS Raprecantative's et-NOTICE OF PUBLIC torney ora set forth SALE:CHARLIE'S AFTER THE DATE OF Anyone who may below. TO Ives No Tmasire co.,t SERVICE OF A COPY 9 wish to appeal any classitNe make, All creditors of the t(ce of Foreclosure of OF THIS NOTICE ON Decedent and other decision which may nk,a your THEM. arsons havin claims Lien and intent to be made at this unne�eeditso,<.Y. P g sell these vehicles on canons or stir heierul All other creditors of or demands ag�imit meeting will need to pa Takers tedav and r the decedent and the Decedent',Ertate 0727/2013,09:00 am ensure that a verbs- ym 1=er to yand other persons having on whom a copy of at 556 tat St,Vero tim record of the claima or demands this notice is required Beach, r 32962- ^ egalnat decedent's to be served must file 3624,pursuant to M estate must file their their claims with this subsection 713.78 of M 0 WITHIN ms wI3 MONTHS Court WITHIN THE Charthe lie's a Tda towing AFTER THE DATE OF LATER OF THREE reserves the right to 12 SCRIPPS TREASURE COAST NEW I 'PERS MONDAY,JULY 8,2013 IR TCPALM.COM CLASSIFIED NOTICE OF ;NOTICEOF FORECLOSURE ADMINISTRATION REQUEST FON SID NOTICEOFSALE NOTICE OF ACHILLE,ESa DATE OF SERVICE specific types my 8,15,2013 proceedings is Florida Bar OF A COPY OF THIS amounts of c TCN2533249 made,which in- No.0013403 NOTICE ON THEM. required may eludes testimony 4 00067599 NOS All other creditors of twined from and evidence upon O Notice to Persons the Decedent and fice of the - which the appeal is with Disabilitiea:If other persons having 7305 4th Sure based. you are a person claims or demands Beach,Florida EDFMEETINC O) with a disability who against Decedent's Phone 772-562- Anyone who needs a needs any accommo- Estate must file their or by mail addressed NOTICE OF INTENT- special accommode- dation in order to claims with this to the District at the PUBLIC HEARING tion for this meeting participate In this Court WITHIN 3 aforesaid address, must contact the proceeding,you are MONTHS AFTER All bids shall be sub-NOTICE IS HEREBY County's Americans entitled,at no cost to THE DATE OF THE mitted in duplicate. GIVEN that the With Disabilities Act you,to the provision FIRST PUBLICATION Each bid shall be Board of County (ADA)Coordinator et L of certain assistance. OF THIS NOTICE. submitted in a seal- Commissioners of 772-2I Coordinator at least O Please contact Corrie ALL CLAIMS NOT SO ed envelope ad- Indian River County, 48 hours in advance Johnson,ADA Coor- FILED WITHIN THE dressed to Indian Florida,has ached- of the meeting. r ^ dinator, 250 NW TIME PERIODS SET River Farms Water uled a Special Call Li Country Club Drive, FORTH IN SECTION Control District,7305 Meeting far the pur- INDIAN RIVER Q Suite 217,Port St. 733.702 OF THE 4th Street,Vero pose of conducting a COUNTY BOARD OF 1 Lucie, FL 34986, FLORIDA PROBATE Beach,FL 32968,and Public Hearing and COUNTY (772)807-4370 at CODE WILL BE FOO- shall bear the name considering adoption COMMISSIONERS ia f least 7 days before EVER BARRED. and address of the of a proposed ordi- JOSEPH E. your scheduled court NOTWITHSTANDING bidder on the outside nance entitled: FLESCHER, appearance,or im- THE TIME PERIODS and the words'Insu- CHAIRMAN LU med'sttely upon re- SET FORTH ABOVE, ranee Bid'. If for-AN ORDINANCE OF ion iit theatimef�be- TWO(2)Yca- ANY IEARSLED aOR sealeddemelopa ithe THE BOARD Ot, COUNTY COMM SF Pub:July TCN2533347 / 2013 0� 1"� fore the scheduled MORE AFTER THE raining the bid must SIONERS OF INDIAN V Z appearance is less DECEDENT'S DATE be enclosed in an- RIVER COUNTY, than 7 days;if you O F D E A T H I S other essedenveloto thepe ad- FLORIDA,AMEND- are hearinor AL Impaired,call 71101Ge Thdate of first publi- mBRED. drent oned addressors- N D I A NNG THECR IDV E R Treasure ` cation of this notice The District reserves COUNTY TO ESTAB- O Pub:July 8,15,2013 is July 1,2013. the right to delay LISH A NEW CHAP- Coast TCN2531328 Personal awarding of the con- TER 316,ENTITLED a/ Representative: tracts for a period of 'FERTILIZER AND Classifieds li. W Jennder Donn St. sixty(60)days after LANDSCAPE MAN- _ /� NOTICE OF Clair the bid opening,to AGEMENT;'ADOP- V AOM ISTAATION 5201 Dunleigh Glen waive informalities TING THE FLORIDA Lane in any bid,or reject DEPARTMENT OF MAKE Q F , IN THE CIRCUIT Burke,Virginia any or all bids in ENVIRONMENTAL YOUR Q 1 COURT FOR INDIAN 22015-1627 whole or in pert with PROTECTION MOD- RIVER COUNTY, Attorney for Personal or without Cause an- EL ORDINANCE FOR C sentative: d/or to accept the bid FLORIDA FRIENDLY ADVERTISER Z 1 Z - PROBATE DIVISION LEO W.DESMOND that,in its judgment, USE OF FERTILIZER File No.5070 Highway AIA will serve the bast in. ON URBAN LAND- DOLLARS 312013CP000507 Suite D terest of the District. SCAPES,WITH MI- Vero Beach,Florida No bidder may with- N 0 R M 0 DI F I CA- WORK IN ESTATE OF 32963 draw his bid within TIONS; MAKING Archie D.Falardeau, Tel:(772)2345150 sixty(60)days after FINDINGS AND PRO- FOR YOU Jr. Fax:(772)234-5231 the actual date of VIDING FOR SEVE- �� Deceased. FL Bar No.0041920 opening thereof. RABILITY,CODIFICA- `i NOTICE Pub:July 1TCN2531342 INDIAN RIVER FECTIVE DATE.8.2013 TION AND N EF- TO CREDITORS FARMS WATER tcpalm.com The administration of IN THE CIRCUIT CONTROL DISTRICT The Public He classified COURT OF THE g the estate of Archie NINETEENTH By:David E.Gunter, will be held o n N D.Falardeau,Jr.,de- JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN Secretary Thursday,July 18, ceased,whose date AND FOR INDIAN Pub:June 21,July 8, 2013 at 9:00 a.m.,in of death was May 2013 the County Commis- flIVER COUNTY, 1 11,2013,is pending FLORIDA TCN2527820 sion Chambers locet- in the Circuit Court ed on the first floor for InPROBATE DIVISION dian River of Building A of the Your CASE N0. County,Florida,Pro- 312013CP000605 County Administra- (Z bate Division,the ad.is HONORABLE five Complex,1801 ultimate L ^ 0 dress of which is ROBERT A.HAWLEY NOTICE OF SALE 27th Street,Vero LL 2000 16th Avenue, LEGAL NOTICE Beach,Florida 32960, :a.r Vero Beach,Florida IN RE:ESTATE OF at which time inter-Source for 3 .2960.The names THOMAS E.SUVA OSLO ROAD STOR- heard parties may be y.+ and addresses of the DeceasedAGE, t 7 6 5 0.1. heard with respect to L QL personal represents- Road,Vero Beach, the proposed ordi- �o��' U tin and the personal NOTICE Florida 32962,will name. [omey eareatset torth The proposed TO CREDITORS hold a private Jule The administration of on Wednesday,July P Dosed ordi- below. the Estate of Thomas a.m., 20 wit at 10:00 prop- -ante may be in- homes Q Q V) 0 All creditors of the E.Sliva,Deceased, a.m.,o sell the prop- spected by the public 1 decedent and other whose date of death any owned by the during regular busi- persanshaving was April 17,2013,is following tenants un• dura hours(8:30 Wheels& claims or demands a.m.to 5:00 pending in the Circuit leas the amount is h against decedent's Court for Indian River pald in full before Monday thraug Fri- estete on whom a County,Florida,Pro- the date of the sale. day)at the Office of stuff. copy of this notice is bete Division,the ad- Oslo Road Storage the Clerk to the required to be dress of which is 2000 reserves the right not Board of County served must file their 16th Avenue,Vero to sell contents. Commissioners lo- Treasure Claims with this court Beach,Florida 32960. UnitMMame/Contems cated on the 2nd WITHIN THE LATER The names and ad-604 Sherri Evans floor of Building A of ``oast OF 3 MONTHS dresses of the Per-Personal Items the County Adminis- AFTER THE TIME OF aortal Representative Pub:July 1,8,2013 trative Complex, Classifieds THE FIRST PUBLIC A- and the Personal TC,2531360 1801 27th Street, TION OF THIS N0- Vero Beach,Florida. Representative's at- TICE OR 30 DAYS torney are set forth NOTICE OF PUBLIC AFTER THE DATE OF below. SALE:CHARLIE'S Anyone who may rRasv coast SERVICE OFA COPY TOWING gives No- wish to a sal en All creditors of the % y cuosulee moa.: 0) OF THIS NOTICE ON Decedent and other tics of Foreclosure of decision which may ranine your THEM. Lien and intent to be made at this un eededitemseosv M All other creditors of persons having claims sell these vehicles on meati- will ned[o can one or wrheioh+l t� the decedent and or demands against 07/2712013,09:00 am g Ad Takers today arM the Decedent's Estate ensure that a verba- yoaasee.ta y nd �y other persons having at 556 1st St,Vero tim record of the V on whom I copy of claims or demands Beech, FL 32962- M this notice is required against decedent's subs. pursuant tf to it served must file M estate must file their subsection 713.78 of their claims with this C claims with this court Court WITHIN THE the Air's Statutes. M WITHIN 3 MONTHS Charlie's Towing e LATER OF THREE -�_A_. AFTER THE DATE OF reserves the right to .._ _ _.. MONTHS AFTFR -_