|
A.9 Wetland, Marsh and Tidal Flat Simulation Extension 14
<br />• The EFDC model provides a number of enhancements for the simulation of flow and
<br />transport in wetlands, marshes and tidal flats (Zarillo, 1998) The code allows for drying
<br />and wetting in shallow areas by a mass conservative scheme. The drying and wetting
<br />formulation is coupled to the mass transport equations, which prevents negative
<br />concentrations of dissolved and suspended materials. A number of alternatives are in
<br />place in the model to simulate general discharge control structures such as weirs,
<br />® spillways, culverts and water surface elevation activated pumps. The effect of submerged
<br />•and emergent plants is incorporated into the turbulence closure model and flow resistance
<br />"formulation. Plant density and geometric characteristic of individual and composite
<br />plants are required as input for the vegetation resistance formulation. A simple soil
<br />moisture model, allowing rainfall infiltration and soil water loss due to evapotranspiration
<br />under dry conditions, is implemented. To represent narrow channels and canals in
<br />wetland, marsh and tidal flat systems, a subgrid scale channel model is implemented.
<br />The subgrid channel model allows a network of one-dimensional in the horizontal
<br />channels to be dynamically coupled to the two-dimensional in the horizontal grid
<br />representing the wetland, marsh or tidal flat systems. Volume and mass exchanges
<br />between 2-D wetland cells and the i -D channels are accounted for. The channels may
<br />continue to flow when the 2-D wetland cells become dry.
<br />A.10 References
<br />Ambrose, R. B., T. A. Wool, and J. L. Martin, 1993: The water quality analysis and
<br />simulation program, WASPS: Part A, model documentation version 5.1. U. S. EPA,
<br />Athen Environmental Research Laboratory, 210 pp.
<br />Andrews, D. G., and M. E. McIntyre, 1978: An exact theory for of nonlinear waves on a
<br />Lagrangian flow. J. Fluid Mech., 89, 609-646.
<br />Bennett, A. F., 1976: Open boundary conditions for dispersive waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 32,
<br />176-182.
<br />Bennett, A. F., and P. C. McIntosh, 1982: Open ocean modeling as an inverse problem:
<br />tidal theory. J. Phys. Ocean., 12, 1004-1018.
<br />Bennett, J. R., and A. H. Clites, 1987: Accuracy of trajectory calculation in a finite -
<br />difference circulation model. J. Comp. Phys., 68, 272-282.
<br />Blumberg, A. F., and L. H. Kantha, 1985: Open boundary condition for circulation
<br />models. J. Hydr. Engr., 111, 237-255.
<br />Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor, 1987: A description of a three-dimensional coastal
<br />ocean circulation model. In: Three -Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal and
<br />Estuarine Science, Vol. 4. (Heaps, N. S., ed.) American Geophysical Union, pp. 1-19.
<br />
|